21¥@¬ö¤¤§êºt¤W«Òªº»¤´b |
|
|
»´ä®û·|¤j¾Ç¡@©v±Ð¤Îõ¾Ç¨t |
|
|
ùªÃ²»¡B¦¿¥A²±½s¡A¡m°ò·þ©v±Ð«ä·Q»P21¥@¬ö¡n¡]¥_¨Ê¡G¤¤°êªÀ·|¬ì¾Ç¥Xª©ªÀ¡A2001¡^¡A¶43¡Ð78¡C |
|
|
|
¤@¡B ´£¥X°ÝÃD
|
¡@¡@¡§Y¨S¦³¤W«Ò¡A¤°š¬³£¥i¥H§@¡C¡¨¡]¥ì¤Z¡Fªû´µ§´C¤Ò´µ°ò¡A¡m¥d©Ô°¨¦õ¤Ò¥S§Ì¡n¡^¡C
¡@¡@¤Wz¥ì¤Zªº¸Ü¬O¦Õ¼ô¯à¸Ô¡A¦ý¬O§_¯à¦¨¥ß¡H³o²o¯A¨ì©v±Ð»P¹D¼wªºÃö«Y³o¤j½ÒÃD¢w¢w¨s³º¹D¼wª¾ÃÑ¡B¹D¼w°Ê¾÷¡B¤Î¹D¼wªº°ò¦µ¥¬O§_¥i¥H²æÂ÷©v±Ð¦Ó¤£·l¤À²@¡H°w¹ï°ò·þ©v±Ð¦Ó¨¥¡A§ÚÌn¦Ò¨s°ò·þ©v±Ðªº¤W«ÒÆ[¨s³º¦³¦ó¿W¯S¹D¼w§t·N¡A¬O¨ä¥L¯«Æ[©Î¥@¬ÉÆ[©Ò¨S¦³ªº¡H
¡@¡@¥»¤åªº¥Î·N¬On§â¡§¤£¥i§êºt¤W«Ò¡¨³o«ü¥O¡A·í§@¡§°ò·þ©v±Ð»P¹D¼w¤§Ãö«Y¡¨³o¤j½ÒÃDªº¤@ÓӮ׬ã¨s¡C³oÓÓ®×ȱo¬ã¨s¡A¦]¬°¡§§êºt¤W«Ò¡¨³o¤ù»y¦b¦è¤èªÀ·|¤ÎÀ³¥ÎÛ²z¾Ç¤¤®É±`³Q¨Ï¥Î¡A¦Ó¥B¹ïµØ¤H¹D¼w«ä¦Ò»á¦³û£µo¡C¥»¤å»{¬°°ò·þ©v±Ð¹ï¡§¤£¥i§êºt¤W«Ò¡¨ªº«ü¥OIJ[Â×´Iªº¤H¥Í´¼¼z¡A¦Ó¥B¬O¿W¯Sªº¡]¤]´N¬O»¡¡A¨S¦³³oÓ¤W«ÒÆ[ªº¥@¬ÉÆ[¬OÃø¥H§Î¦¨³oºØ¤H¥Í´¼¼z¡^¡A¨Ã¥B¯à¹ï21¥@¬ö¤¤©Ò±a¨Óªº³¡¤À¬D¾Ô´£¥X¾A¤Áªº¦^À³¡C
¡@¡@¦b³o½g½×¤å¤¤¡Aµ§ªÌnÀË°Q¥H¤U´XÓijÃD¡G
¡@¡@1.¡§§êºt¤W«Ò¡¨³o³d³Æ¡A°£¤F×Ãã¤Wªº·N¸q¥~¡A¬O§_¦³¥ô¦ó <p.44>
¯S©w¹D¼w·N¸q¡H¡§¤£¥i§êºt¤W«Ò¡¨³o«ü¥O¬O§_¬y©ó¡§°²¡B¤j¡BªÅ¡¨¡A¤£¯à¸Ñ¨M¥ô¦ó¹D¼w°ÝÃD¡H
¡@¡@2.¡§¤£¥i§êºt¤W«Ò¡¨³o«ü¥OY¦³¹D¼w·N¸q¡A¥¦I«á¦³¦ó¯«¾Ç®Ú¾Ú¡H§ÚÌn¦p¦ó²z¸Ñ¤W«Ò¡A¤~¯à±À½×¥X¤H¤£¥i§êºt¤W«Ò³o¹D¼wµ²½×¡H¬°¦ó¤W«Ò¤£®e¤H§êºt¡H
¡@¡@3. ¦b¥H©¹´X¤Q¦~¡A¨C¦¸¦è¤è¦³¬ì§Þ·s¬ð¯}¡A«K·|Å¥¨ì¡§¤H§êºt¤W«Ò¡¨ªº«ü³d¡C¡§¤Å§êºt¤W«Ò¡¨³o¸T¥O¡A¬O§_¦¨¬°¬ì§Þ¶i¨B¤Î¼W¥[©¯ºÖªºªý¤O¡H
¡@¡@4.¡§¤Å§êºt¤W«Ò¡¨³oӦѱ¼¤úªº«ü¥O¡A¹ï21¥@¬ö©Ò±a¨Óªº¬D¾Ô¬O§_¯à°µ¥X¾A·í¦^À³¡H
¡@¡@5.¡§¤Å§êºt¤W«Ò¡¨³o¦è¤è¤f¸¹¡A¹ï©ó·í¥N¤¤°êªÀ·|¤Î¤å¤Æ¬O§_¦³¥ô¦ó·N¸q¡A¤Î¯à§_¹ï¥¼¨Óªº¤¤°ê¤å¤Æ«Ø³]¦³°^Äm¡H |
|
¤G¡B
¡§§êºt¤W«Ò¡¨ªº¦h«ª[¸q |
¡@¡@¡§§êºt¤W«Ò¡¨³o¥y¸Ü¦b¥H©¹¤T¤Q¦~©ó¦è¤è®É±`Å¥¨ì¡A¥Ñ©ó¤£¦Pªº¤H¡A©ó¤£¦Pªº³õ¦X¡A°w¹ï¤£¦Pªº¨Æ³£·|¶D½Ñ©ó¦¹»y¡A©Ò¥HÃø§K¥Î³~ª[¸q¡C¥H©¹¤]¦³¾ÇªÌ¹ï³o«ü¥Oªº¤TÓ¤£¦P·N¸q§@¥X¤ÀªR
¡A[1]
¦ýµ§ªÌ»{¬°³o¨Çªì¨B¤ÀªR«D±`¤£¨¬°÷¡A¦]¬°¡§¤£¥i§êºt¤W«Ò¡¨³o«ü¥O´¿³Q¥Î¦b«D±`¼sªxªº³õ¦X¤Î°ÝÃD¤W¡A»Ýn§ó¼sªx²`¤J¤ÀªR¡C
¡@¡@º¥ý¡A¬ù¤T¤Q¦~«e¶}©l¡A¤H¶}©l¹ïÂå¥Í©óÂåÀø¨M©w¤¤ªº¥Í¦º
<p.45> ¤jÅv·P¨ì¾á¤ß¡A¦Ó·P¨ìÂå¥Í¬O§_¤£«ê·í¦a§êºt¤W«Ò¡C°ò·þ«H¥õªø¤[¥H¨Ó»{¬°¥Í¦º¬O¥Ñ¤W«Ò©Ò¨M©wªº¡A[2]
¦ý²{¥NÂåÀø¬ì§Þªº¶i¨B¨ÏÂå¥Í¥i´x±±«Ü¦hºû«ù¥Í©RªºªvÀø¡]¦p¤H¤u©I§l¾¹¡B¬~µÇ¾¹¡B¤ßªÍµd¾¹¡B¤H¤uÁý¹}§Þ³Nµ¥¡^¡A·íÂå¥Í¤@¥¹¨M©w°±¤î³o¨ÇªvÀø¡]©Î¦]¬°±ÏªvµL±æ¡A®{³ÒµL¥\¡A©Î¦]¬°¹¬¦hµ°¤Ö¡AªvÀø¤£°÷¤À°t¡^¡A¹ï©ó³oÓ¨M©w¤£º¡ªº¤H«K·|«ü³dÂå¥Í¡§§êºt¤W«Ò¡¨¡C¥Ñ©ó¦º¤`¬O¤£¥i°fÂà¡A·íÂå¥Í¨M©w°±¤îªvÀø¦ÓÅý¯f¤H¦º¥h¡A°Z¤£´N¬O§êºt¤F¤W«Ò¨M©w¥Í¦ºªº¨¤¦â¡H[3]
³Ìªñ¦³¦Wªº^°ê³sÅéÀ¦§P¨M¡]2000¦~9¤ë¡^¡Aªk©x§P¨Mn±j¨î¶i¦æ¤ÀÅé¤â³N¡AÅýJodie¯à¬¡¤U¡A¦ÓÅýMary¦º¤`¡A«K¦P¼Ë©Û¨Ó¡§§êºt¤W«Ò¡þ¤Ñ¥D¡¨ªºÄY¼F§åµû
¡C[4]
¦ý¦³¨Ç¤H«h»{¬°¦b³o¨Ç±¡§Î¤¤n§êºt¤W«Ò¬O±¡¦³¥iì¡A¬Æ¦Ü¬O¥²¶·ªº¡C¦]¦¹¡Aªñ¥N¦³¨Ç°Q½×ÂåÀøÛ²z©ÎÂå¥Í¾³dªº®Ñ«K°®¯Ü¥H¡§§êºt¤W«Ò¡¨¬°®Ñ¦W¡C[5]
¡@¡@¨ä¦¸¡A¬Y¨Ç¤H»{¬°¦³¨Ç¹D¼w§PÂ_ªº¤è¦¡¡An¨D§@¹D¼w§PÂ_ªº¤H¦³¥þª¾¡A¦Ó¥þª¾¬O¥u¦³¤W«Ò¤~¦³¡A¦]¦¹³oºØn¨D¤H§êºt¤W«Òªº¹D¼w§PÂ_¤è¦¡¬O¤£¥i±µ¨üªº¡C¨Ò¦p¡A¹D¼wõ¾Ç¤¤±Kº¸¡]J.
S. Mill¡^ªº«áªG¥D¸q¥ß³õ¡An¨D§¹¥þ¥H«áªGªº¾ãÅé¦nÃa¨Ó¨M©w¤@Ó¦æ°Êªº¹ï¿ù¡A¦³¾ÇªÌ«K»{¬°¡A»{ª¾¯à¤O¦³ªº¤Z¤H¡A¹ï¤@Ó¦æ°Ê©Ò
<p.46> ±N·|¾ÉPªº¦UºØ¦n¤ÎÃa«áªGÃø¥HªÖ©w¦ôp¡A¦]¦¹±Kº¸©Ò´£Òªº®Ä¯qpºân¨D¤H¥h°µ¤@¥ó¤£¥i¯àªº¨Æ¡G§êºt¤W«Ò¡C[6]
¦P¼Ë¦a¡A¦bÂåÀøÛ²z¤¤¡A¦b°Q½×ÂåÀø¸ê·½ªº·LÆ[¤À°t¼Ð·Ç®É¡A¦³¤H´£Ò¥H¯f¤H¹ïªÀ·|ªº°^Äm¬°§P·Ç¡C¥i¬O¡A¦³½×ªÌ»{¬°ÂåÀø¤HûÃø¥H§â¤@¯ë¯f¤H«ö¨ä¹ïªÀ·|°^Äm¤§¦h¤Ö±Æ¥ý«á¦¸§Ç¡A¦]¬°³o²o¯A¨ì¹ï¯f¤H¥¼¨Ó¤H¥Íªº¹wª¾¡A¹ï¯f¤H¥H©¹ªº¥\ÁZ§@»\´Ã½×©w¡A¤Î¹ïªÀ·|ªº»Ýn©Î§Q¯q¦ó¦b¡A¦³¥ý¨£¤§©ú¡Cn¨DÂåÀø¤Hû¦³³o¨Ç¥u¦³¤W«Ò¤~¦³ªº¥þª¾¤Î°ª«×´¼¼z¡A¬O¤£¤Á¹ê»Ú¡C[7]
¡@¡@¦AªÌ¡A±ßªñ¤G¤Q¦~³Ì±`¥X²{ªº¦³Ãö§êºt¤W«Òªº°Q½×¡A¬O¦b¿ò¶Ç°ò¦]¤uµ{ªº¿E¯PÅG½×¤¤¡C°ò©ó¤TÃþ¤£¦Pªº²z¥Ñ¡A¤Ï¹ï¿ò¶Ç°ò¦]¤uµ{¡]¯S§O¬O¥Í´Þ¨t°ò¦]¼W±j©ÎÀu¥Í¤uµ{¡^ªº¤H»{¬°¦¹Á|¬On¨D¤H§êºt¤W«Ò¡A¤j¿ù¯S¿ù¡C¡]1¡^DNA¥]§t¤W«Ò³Ð³y¥Í©Rªº¡§±K½X¡¨¡A¬O¯«¸t¤£¥i¸ÑŪ¡F´N¬O¥i®e³\¸ÑŪ¡A¤]¬O¯«¸t¤£¥iק諸¡C½Ön¥h§ó§ï¥¦¡A´N¬Oקï¤W«Òªº³Ð³y¤Î³]p¡A¬O¤z¹w¤W«Òªºp¹º¡A§â¦Û¤v·í§@¤W«Ò¡F³o¬O³ÌÄY«ªº¤Ï«q¦æ¬°¡C[8]
¡@¡@¡]2¡^¥Í´Þ¨t°ò¦]¤uµ{¼vÅT¦Ü¤é«á¥@¥@¥N¥N¡A¦p¦³®t¿ù¡A«hÃø <p.47>
¥H¨î¤î¤Î°fÂà¡C³oºØ¬ì§Þ¨Ï¤H¦³ªñ¥G¤W«Òªº¯à¤O¡A¦ý¤H«o¯Ê¥Fªñ¥G¤W«Òªºª¾ÃѤδ¼¼z¡F¤@¥¹¥X¿ù¡A¨aÃø¬O¤@µo¤£¥i¦¬¬B¡A§¹¥þ¥¢±±¡]¦pÅ]ªk®vªº¾Ç®{¡£The
Sorcerer¡¦s Apprentice¡¤¤Î¬ì¾Ç©Ç¤H¡£Dr. Frankenstein's
monster¡¤³o¨Ç¬G¨Æ©Ò´£¥Üªº¡^¡C¤H¨S¦³¤W«Òªºª¾ÃѤδ¼¼z¡A«on¥h¨Ï¥Îªñ¥G¤W«Òªº¯à¤O¡A¬O«D±`¤£´¼¡C[9]¡]3¡^Àu¥Í°ò¦]¤uµ{¹Á¸Õ¶ì³y¡]ªÈ¥¿¡B§ï¨}¡^¥¼¨Ó¤l¤k©Î¥«¥Áªº¥Í©R¯S¼x¡]¥L̪º¤Ñ½á¥»©Ê¡^¡A¥H§ïµ½¥L̪º©R¹B¡C¦ý¦¹Á|·N¨ýµÛ¦³¤@¤p°é¤lªº¤H¡A¥H¥L̦³¤Î·|¥Ç¿ùªº¡§¥ý¨£¤§©ú¡¨¡A¨Ó¾Þ±±¡B³]p¡B¤Î¥D®_¨ä¥L¤Hªº¥¼¨Ó¡C³oºØâ¾r©ó¤HÃþ¤§¤Wªº±Ï¥@¥D¤ßºA¬O·¥«×¨g¶Æªº¡A¬O¤H·Q¨ú¥N¤W«Òªº¹°Åv¦æ¬°¡C[10]
¦]¦¹¡Aªñ¥N¤£¤Ö°Q½×¿ò¶Ç°ò¦]¤uµ{ªº®Ñ©Î½×¤å³£«a¥H¡§§êºt¤W«Ò¡¨¬°ÃD¥Ø¡C[11]
¡@¡@<p.48>
³Ì«á¡A·í¤Hn§@¤@¨Ç¼vÅT²`»·¤Î¼sªxªº«¤j¨M©w®É¡A¤]³Q§Î®e¬°§êºt¤W«Ò¡C¨Ò¦p³Ìªñ¦³¤@¥»°Q½×¥~¥æ¬Fªvªº®Ñ¡A¬ã¨s¦b°ê»Ú°ª®p·|ij¤¤¬Fªv»â³S¦p¦ó§à¾Ü¡A®Ñ¦W«K¬O¡m§êºt¤W«Ò¡G°¶¤H¬Ûij§ïÅÜ¥@¬Éªº¤CÓ«¤j®É¨è¡n¡C
[12]
¦¹¥~¡A¦b¹D¼w¯«¾Ç¤¤¡AY¦³¤H¥D±i¥i¾Ü´c¥H¦¨µ½¡A³oºØ¥ß³õ¤]³Q§Î®e¬°§êºt¤W«Ò¡C¦]¬°½×ªÌ»{¬°¬°¤F¹F¨ì¥¿·í¥Øªº¦Ó¤£±¤¿ï¾ÜÃaªº¤â¬q¡A¬O¤Ï¬M¤F¥H¤H¤O¾ÞÁa¤@¤Áªº¤ßºA¡A¦Ó¤£¬O¶¶ªA¤W«Ò¡C[13]
¡@¡@¦b¤Wz¨ºš¬¦h¡§§êºt¤W«Ò¡¨ªº¥Î³~¤¤¡A¤j³£§â³o¤ù»y§@¶S¸q¥Î¡A¨Ã¥Bĵ§i¤H¤d¸U¤Å¦p¦¹§@¡C¦ý¦³¨Ç§@ªÌ«oµø§êºt¤W«Ò¬°¦n¨Æ¡A¹ªÀy¤H«i´±¦a¥h§@¡C[14]
¥L̩Χ⡧§êºt¤W«Ò¡¨²z¸Ñ¬°¤z¹w¦ÛµM¡]Fletcher¡^¡A©Î¬°§@±a¦³«¤j·ÀIªº¨M©w¡A¦Ó¤£¬OÅ¥¤Ñ¥Ñ©R¡]Augenstein¡^¡A©Î¬°§@¤W«Ò¦b¥@¤Wªº¥Nªí¡]Reichenbach
and Anderson¡^¡A©Î¬°®Äªk¤W«Ò¡]deBlois et.
al.¡^¡C³s¤@¦V±j¯P¤Ï¹ï¤H§êºt¤W«ÒªºPaul Ramsey¡A[15]
¤]©Ó»{¤H¥i¥H¥¿½T¦a§êºt¤W«Ò¡A§Y®Äªk¤W«Ò¡C[16]
¡@¡@ºî¦X¦Ó¨¥¡A¸g¹L¸Ô²Óªº¤åÄmÀË°Q«á¡Aµ§ªÌµo²{¡§§êºt¤W«Ò¡¨¦@ <p.49>
¦³¥H¤U³o11ºØ¤£¦P·N¸q¡G |
|
¡@¡@1. Âå¥Í©Îªk©x¨M©w¯f¤Hªº¦º¬¡¡F
¡@¡@2. ©ó¹D¼w§PÂ_¤¤¥H¤H¦³²P¤§ª¾µ¥¦P©ó¥þª¾¡F
¡@¡@3. ¸ÑŪ¤Îקï¤W«Ò³Ð³y¥Í©Rªº±K½X¡]DNA¡^¡F
¡@¡@4. ©ó¥Í´Þ¨t²ÓM°ò¦]¤uµ{¤¤¡A±Ò°Êªñ¥G¤W«Òªº¯à¤O¡A¦ý«o¯Ê¥Fªñ¥G¤W«Òªºª¾ÃѤδ¼¼z¡F
¡@¡@5. ©ó§ï¨}¤HºØªºÀu¥Í¤uµ{¤¤¡A¦³¨Ç¤H¹Á¸Õ¥þ½L¦a¥h¶ì³y©Î¥D®_¥¼¨Ó¤Hªº©R¹B¡F
¡@¡@6. ©ó¥~¥æ¤¤§@¤@¨Ç¼vÅT¤HÃþ¬J²`»·¤S¼sªxªº¨M©w¡F
¡@¡@7. ¾Ü´c¥H¨D¦¨µ½¡A¬°¨D¾ÞÁaµ²ªG¦Ó¤£¾Ü¤â¬q¡F
¡@¡@8. ¤z¹w¦ÛµMªº¹B§@¡F
¡@¡@9. ©Úµ´Å¥¤Ñ¥Ñ©R¡A§@¤@¨Ç±a¦³·ÀIªº«¤j¨M©w¡F
¡@¡@10. ©Ó¾á°_§@¬°¤W«Ò¦b¦a¤W¥Nªíªº¥ô°È¡F
¡@¡@11. ®Äªk¤W«Ò¡C |
|
¡@¡@¥Ñ¬OÆ[¤§¡A¡§§êºt¤W«Ò¡¨¤@µü¹ê¦bÄY«ª[¸q¡A¦]¦¹¦³¾ÇªÌ»{¬°³oµü¦bÛ²z¾Ç¤W¤w¦AµL¥ô¦ó·N¸q¡AÀ³¥[¥H´±ó¡C[17]
¡@¡@µ§ªÌ¨Ã¤£¦P·N³o¨£¸Ñ¡CÁöµM¨Æ¹ê¤W³oµü¦³³QÀݥΪº¶É¦V¡A¯S§O¬O¥Î§@ĵ§i®É¡A¤]³\·|µ¹¤H¤@ºØ¡§¯T¨Ó¤F¡I¡¨ªº·Pı¡A¦ýµ§ªÌ»{¬°¥un§â¡§¤£¥i§êºt¤W«Ò¡¨«ü¥Oªº·N¸qÂç²M¡A¤´¦³«¤j¹D¼w·N¸q¡A¥i«ê·í¦^À³21¥@¬ö©Ò±a¨Óªº¤@¨Ç¬D¾Ô¡A¤Î¹ï¤¤°êªÀ·|¤Î¤å¤Æ¦³«¤j´£¿ô¡C¦AªÌ¡A¤£¥i§êºt¤W«Ò³o«ü¥O¬O¥iª½±µ±q°ò·þ©v±Ðªº¤W«ÒÆ[¾Él¥X¨Ó¡A¤Ï¬M¥X°ò·þ©v±Ð¤W«ÒÆ[ªº¤@ºØ¹D¼w§t·N¡A¦]¦¹¤£¥i´±ó¡C¦b¤U¤åµ§ªÌ«Kn³v¤@³B²z³o¨ÇijÃD¡C <p.50> |
|
¤T¡B
¤W«Ò¬°¦ó¤£®e¤H§êºt¡H
|
¡@¡@¬°¤è«K°Q½×ªº½t¬G¡Aµ§ªÌ¼È®É§â¡§¤£¥i§êºt¤W«Ò¡¨ªº«ü¥O¸ÑÄÀ¦p¤U¡G¦³¨ÇÄÝ©Ê¡]¦p¥DÅv¡B¥þª¾¡^¤Î¤u§@¡]¦p³Ð¥@¡B±ÏÅ«¡^¬O¤W«Ò¤~¾Ö¦³¤Î±q¨Æ¡A¤H¨Ã¤£¾Ö¦³³o¨ÇÄݩʤαq¨Æ³o¨Ç¤u§@¡A³o¥¿¬O¤H¯«¤§§O¡C¤HY·Q¹O¶V¤Hªº©w¡A¥h±q¨Æ¤@¨Ç¤W«Ò¤~¥i§@ªº¨Æ¡A«K¬O§êºt¤W«Ò¡F³o¬O·M¤£¥i¤Î¡A¨Ã¥B·|§Ë¥©¦¨©å¡A¦]¬°¤H¤£¯àÂ\²æ¥Lªº©w¡A¦Û§ÚÂà¤Æ¬°¤W«Ò¡C¦]¦¹¡A¦b¬Y¨Ç¨Æ±¡¡A¤H¥²¶·¦³©Ò¤£¬°¡C
¡@¡@³oÓ¡§¤£¥i§êºt¤W«Ò¡¨ªº«ü¥O¬O¥iª½±µ±q°ò·þ©v±Ðªº¤W«ÒÆ[¤Î¤HÆ[¾Él¥X¨Óªº¡A¦ý«o¤£¯à±q¨ä¥L¯«Æ[¡]¦p¦ÛµM¯«½×¡Bªx¯«½×¡^¾Él¦Ó¨Ó¡C¦]¦¹¡A¦b³o¬q¸¨µ§ªÌ¥ýn¸ÑÄÀ¡§¤£¥i§êºt¤W«Ò¡¨I«áªº¯«¾Ç½×¾Ú¡C
¡@¡@°ò·þ©v±Ð¥D¬y¯«¾Ç¶Ç²Î¤@ª½µø¤W«Ò¬°¤@Ó¶W¶V©ó¤H¤Î¸U¦³ªº¤W«Ò¡C¦b¥t¤@½g¤å³¹¤¤¡A[18]
µ§ªÌ´¿¸Ô²Ó¤ÀªR¤W«Ò¶W¶Vªº¤»Ó¦V«×¡A¦b³oùØ¥ý§@²n«z¡G
¡@¡@¡]1¡^¦s¦³ªº¶W¶V¡]ontological transcendence¡^¢w¢w¤W«Òªº¦s¦³¶W¶V©ó¤H¤Î¥@¬Éªº¦s¦³¡A¤W«Òªº¦s¦³§¹¥þ¬Û²§©ó¤H¤Î¥@¬Éªº¦s¦³¡C¤W«Ò¬O¦Û¦³¥Ã¦³¡A¤£¬O¨ü³y¡]a
se¡Anon ab alio¡^¡A¦Ó¤H¤Î¸Uª«¬O¨ü³yª«¡]ab
alio¡^¡F¦]¦¹¤W«Òªº¦s¦³¬Oµ´¹ï¿W¥ßªº¡A¦Ó¤H¤Î¸Uª«ªº¦s¦³«o¨Ì¿à¤W«Òªº¦s¦³¡C[19]
¥j¨å¯«¾Ç½×z¤W«Òªº¶W¶V«Ü«nªº¤@ÂI¡A¤]´N¬O¤W«Ò¦s¦³ªº¿W¯S©Ê¡]ontological
distinction¡^<p.51>¡F´«¨¥¤§¡A¤W«Òªº¦s¦³¨Ã¤£µ¥¦P¥@¬É¸Uª«ªº¦s¦³¡A¤]¤£¨Ì¦s©ó¥@¬É¸Uª«¡C[20]
¡@¡@¡]2¡^©Ê½èªº¶W¶V¡]qualitative transcendence¡^¢w¢w¤W«Òªº¥»©Ê©ÎÄÝ©Ê¡A¬O¶W¶V©ó©Î§¹¥þ¬Û²§©ó¤Hªº¥»©Ê¡C¼Ú¬w·s¥¿²Î¯«¾Ç«ü¥X¯«¤H¤§¶¡¦³µL©Ê½è¤Wªº®t²§¡A[21]
¬Æ¦Ü¤ñ¤§¦p¤Ñ¦a¤§»»¡C[22]
¥j¨å¯«¾Ç¦b§Î®e¤W«Òªº§Î¤WÄݩʮɷR¥Î¡§¥þ¡¨¡]omni-¡^¦r¡A¡]¦p¥þ¯à¡B¥þª¾¡B¥þ¦bµ¥¡^¡A¤Î·R¥Ît±ªº´yz¡]¦p¤£¦´Ãa¡B¤£Åܧó¡BµL§ÎÅé¡BµLµ¥¡^¡A¤]¥¿¬O¬ðÅã¥X¤W«Ò©Ê½è¤Wªº¶W¶V¡A¤W«Ò©Ò§¹¥þ¬Û²§©ó§Ṳ́§³B¡C
¡@¡@¡]3¡^»{ª¾¤Wªº¶W¶V¡]epistemological transcendence¡^¢w¢w¤W«Òªº¥»©Ê¤Î§@¬°¶W¶V©ó§Ú̪º¤@¯ë²z¸Ñ¤Î»{ª¾¡A¸t¸g¤¤ªº¤W«Ò¬O§¹¥þ¬Û²§©ó§Ú̩̾v±Ð¸gÅç¤Î¤å¤Æ«ä·Q¬°¾ÌÂǦӫغc¥X¨Óªº¤W«Ò¡A¥j¨å¯«¾Ç½×z¤W«Ò¬O¤@Ó¦ÛÁôªº¤W«Ò¡]Deus
absconditus¡^¡A¤W«Ò¤§²`Âã¶W¶V§Ú̪º²z¸Ñ¯à¤O¡A¥HP·í¤W«Ò¦bû£¥Ü¦Û¤v®É¤]¥²¦P®É¦bÁôÂæۤv¡]"Deus
revelatus atque absconditus¡^¡A[23]
³o¤]¬O¦bªí¹F¤W«Ò¦b»{ª¾¤Wªº¶W¶V¡C[24]
¡@¡@¡]4¡^¨¥»¡¤Wªº¶W¶V¡]linguistic transcendence¡^¢w¢w³o¤@ºØ¤W«Òªº¶W¶V¬OºòÀHµÛ¤Wz»{ª¾¤Wªº¶W¶V¦Ó¨Óªº¡C¬JµM¤W«Òªº¥»©Ê¤Î§@¬°¬O¶W¶V©ó§Ú̪º¤@¯ë²z¸Ñ¤Î»{ª¾¡A·í§Ú̹Á¸Õ¥¿±¦a¥h¨¥»¡¤W«Òªº®ÉÔ¡A¥²µM·|µo²{§Ú̪º»y¨¥¤£¨¬¥H§â¤W«Òªº¥»©Ê¥R¤À¤Î
<p.52>
§¹¾ã¦aªí¹F¥X¨Ó¡C¦]¦¹¡A¹ï¤W«Òªº¨¥»¡¥²¶·¬OÅGÃÒªº¡A©Î¬O¡§t±ªº¸ô¡¨¡]via
negativa¡^¡C¦³Ãö¤W«Òªº¶ø¯µ¡A¬OÃø¥H¨¥¶Ç¡AÃø¥H²M·¡½×ÃÒ¡]ineffability¡^¡C
¡@¡@¡]5¡^¹D¼w¤Wªº¶W¶V¡]moral transcendence¡^¢w¢w¤W«Òªº¹D¼w§¹¬ü§¹¥þ¶W¶V©ó©Î§¹¥þ¤£¦P©ó¤H¶¡ªº¹D¼w§¹¬ü¡C¸t¸g»¡¡§¤W«Ò´N¬O·R¡¨¡]¡m¸t¸g¡E¬ù¿«¤@®Ñ¡n4³¹8¸`¡^¡A¦ý¤W«Òªº·R¬O¶W¶V©ó¤H¶¡¤@¤Áªº·R¡F¦]¬°¤H¥»©Êªº¨î¡A¥§¥¬º¸»{¬°§¹¬üªº·R¹ï©ó¥ô¦ó¤H¨Ó»¡³£¬O¤@Ó¡§¤£¥i¯àªº¥i¯à©Ê¡¨¡]impossible
possibility¡^¡C[25]
¦Û¥Ñ¥D¸q¯«¾ÇµøC¿q¬°¤@Ó§¹¬üªº¹D¼w·¢¼Ò¡A§Ú̲{¦b®ÄªkC¿q¡A²×©ó¦³¤@¤Ñ¥i¥H¿²©óC¿qªº¹D¼w§¹¬ü¡F¦]¦¹¡AC¿qªº¹D¼w¦¨´N»P§Ú̲{¦bªº¹D¼w¦¨´N¥u¬O¶qªº®t§O¡A¦Ó«D½èªº®t§O¡C¥§¥¬º¸¤Ï¹ï¦¹»¡¡A»{¬°¤H©Êªº¹D¼w¨î¤£¯à¨Ï§Ú̦³¦p¦¹¦Û«H¡A¦]¦¹¥L»{¬°Yn®Äªk°ò·þ¡A°ò·þªº§¹¬ü¤£³æ¬O§Ú̪º¬ß±æ¡A¤]¬O§Ú̪ºµ´±æ¡A§Ú̥䣯࿲©ó°ò·þªº¹D¼w§¹¬ü¡C[26]
¤W«Ò¬O¼f§PªÌ¡A§Ú̪º¥ô¦ó¹D¼w¦¨´N³£·|¨ü¨ì¤@ӧ󧹬üªºµ½©Ò§å§P¡A¦]¦¹®¬¸o¬O¥¿½Tªº¹D¼w¥Í¬¡¤§ªù¡C[27]
¡@¡@¡]6¡^ªÀ·|¤å¤Æªº¶W¶V¡]social-cultural transcendence¡^¢w¢w³oºØ¶W¶V¬O¤Wz¤W«Ò¹D¼w¤W¶W¶Vªº¸sÅ驵¦ù¡F¤W«Ò°ê«×ªº§¹¬ü¬O¶W¶V©ó©Î§¹¥þ¬Û²§©ó¤H¶¡ªÀ·|ªº§¹¬ü¡C¦Û¥Ñ¯«¾Çªº¯S¼x¤§¤@´N¬O»{¬°¤HÃþ¡]¦Ü¤Ö¦b°ò·þ®{ªºªÀ·|¤¤¡^ªºªÀ·|¥Í¬¡¤£Â_¦³¹D¼w¤Wªº¶i¨B¡A¥HP¤W«Òªº°ê¨Ã¤£¬O»»¤£¥i¤Îªº²z·Q¡A¦Ó¤D¬O¥i¥H¯u¥¿¦b¾ú¥v¤¤±o¨ì¹ê²{ªº¡C¥§¥¬º¸«o»{¬°³o¤£¥u¬O¤Ñ¤è©]ÃÓ¡A¦Ó¥BÁÙ¬O´c¹Úªº¶}©l¡FÓ¤Hn¦¨¬°¹D¼w
<p.53> §¹¬üªº¤H¤w¬O¤£¥i¯à¡A¸sÅén¦¨¬°¹D¼w§¹¬üªº²z·QªÀ·|´N§ó¤£¥i¯à¡A¦]¬°¸sÅ骺¹D¼w¯à¤O¤ñÓÅ骺¹D¼w¯à¤O§ó®z¡C[28]
¦]¦¹¡A¤HY°í¨M§_»{¦Û¤v¹D¼w¤Wªº¨î¡A¦Û¥H¬°¦³¹D¼w¤Wªº¥ý¨£¤§©ú¡A§â¬Y¤@ÓªÀ·|¯´§ÇÂŹϵø¬°§¹¬ü¨Ãn±Æ°£¸UÃø¥h±À¦æ¡A¯Q¦«¨¹«ä·Q«K¦¨¬°¼É¬Fªº·Å§É¡F³oºØ¹D¼w¤Wªº¦Û¤j¥u·|ÆC¦¨·Ê¤Ñ¤jº×¡C[29]
¡@¡@°í«ù¤W«Ò»P¤H¦³®Ú¥»®t²§¡A~µM¤£¦P¡A¨ä¤¤¤@Ó«nÃöÁä¬O¥j¨å¯«¾Ç¤¤ªº±qµL¦Ó¦³ªº³Ð³yÆ[¡C³o³Ð³yÆ[Åã¥Ü¤W«Ò¨Ã¤£¬O¦t©z¤¤¦s¦³³sÂê¨t¦C¤§·¥P¡A¤W«Ò»P³oÓ¥@¬É¨Ã«D¦s¦³¤W¦P§Ç¡C¤W«Ò¬O¥ÃùÚ¦Û¦b¡A¦¹¥@¬É«o¬O±qµL¦Ó¦³¡A¦]¦¹¤W«Òªº¦s¦³»P¦¹¥@¬Éªº¦s¦³¬O~µM¤£¦P¡A©¼¦¹Äݤ£¦P¦V«×¡A¤£¦P§Ç¡C¤W«Ò¬O¸U¦³ªº³Ð³yªÌ¡A¦]¦¹¤W«Òªº¦s¦³¬O¦Û¦¨¤@§Ç¡A¤W«Ò¦s¦bªº§ÎºA¬O§¹¥þ¿W¯S¡A¦Û¦¨¤@«¬ºA¡C©Ò¥H¤W«Ò¬O¶W¶V¸U¦³¡A»P¸U¦³§¹¥þ¬Û²§¡C[30]
¡@¡@¡§¶W¶V¡¨¬O¤@ÓÃö«YÃã¡A»¡¤W«Ò¬O¶W¶Vªº¡A¨Ã¤£¬O´N¤W«Ò¥»©Ê¨ä¦Û¨¦Ó»¡¨ä¶W¶V¡A¦Ó¬O´N¤W«Ò»P¤H¤Î¸U¦³ªºÃö«Y¨Ó»¡¡C±q¤Wz¤»Ó¦V«×¨Ó¬Ý¤W«Ò¶W¶V©ó¤H¤Î¸U¦³¡A´N¬O±q¤»Ó¦V«×¨Ó¬Ý¤W«Ò¬O§¹¥þ¬Û²§©ó¤H¤Î¸U¦³¡F¤W«Ò²¦³º¤£¬O¨ü³y¥@¬Éªº¤@³¡¤À¡C¬JµM¤W«Ò¬O¶W¶V©ó¤H¡A»P¤H§¹¥þ¬Û²§¡F©M¤W«Ò¬Û¤ñ¡A¤Hªº³Ì¤j¯S¼x´N¬O¤Hªº¥ý¤Ñ©w¡]finitude¡^¡C
¡@¡@¬Û¹ïÀ³©ó¤Wz¤W«Ò¶W¶Vªº¤»Ó¤è±¡A§ÚÌ¥i¾Él¥X¤H¦b¤»¤è±ªº¥ý¤Ñ©w¡G¡]1¡^¤H¦b¦s¦³¤Wªº©w¡F¡]2¡^¤H¦b¥»©Ê¤Wªº©w¡F¡]3¡^¤H¹ï¤W«Ò»{ª¾ªº©w¡F¡]4¡^¤H¹ï¤W«Ò¨¥»¡ªº©w¡F¡]5¡^¤HÃþ¹D¼w¯à¤O¤Î¦¨´Nªº©w¡F¡]6¡^¤HÃþªÀ·|¡B¬Fªv¡B¤å¤Æ¦b§¹¬ü¤Wªº
<p.54> ©w¡C[31]
¦b³o¤»Ó¥ý¤Ñ©w·í¤¤¡A²Ä¤@¤Î²Ä¤GӤרäÃöÁä¡C¥Ñ©ó¯«¤H¤£¦PÅé¡]¤W«Òªº¦s¦³¬O¿W¯S©ó¤Hªº¦s¦³¡A«eªÌ¬J¤£µ¥¦P©Î§½©ó«áªÌ¤§¤º¡A«áªÌ¤]¤£¦b«eªÌ·í¤¤¡^¡A¯«¤H¤£¦P½è¡]¤H©Ê¤¤¨S¦³¯«©Ê¡F¤H©Ê¤¤¬üµ½ªº¥ú½÷¡A¤£ºÞ¦h±j¯P¡A¥»¨¨Ã¤£´N¬O¯«©Ê¡^¡A¤H¤£½×¦h§V¤Oר¡A¦hP¤O©ó´£¤É¦Û¤vªº¥Í©R¹Ò¬É¡A¤]¤£¯à¦Û§ÚÂà¤Æ¬°¤W«Ò¡A³o¬O¤Hªº©w¡C©Ò¿×¯«¤H¤§¶¡¦³¤£¥iëƶVªºÂE·¾¡A¤]¬O«ü³oºØ¦s¦³®t§Ç©Ò±a¨Óªº©w¡A«ü¤H©Ê¤£¯à±q¶qÅÜ¡]ÂX¦Ó¥R¤§¡^¦Ó¹F¨ì½èÅÜ¡]¤H©ÊÅܦ¨¯«©Ê¡^¡A¦Ó¤£¬O«ü¯«¤HÃö«Y©Î·¾³q¤W¦³ÂE·¾¡C¦]¦¹¡A¦b«µø¤W«Ò¶W¶VªºµS¤Ó±Ð¡B°ò·þ©v±Ð¡B¤Î¥ì´µÄõ±Ð¤¤¡A³£ÄY¸T°¸¹³±R«ô¡AÄY¸T§â¥ô¦ó¤µ¥Í¨Æª«¥h¥Nªí³o§¹¥þ¬Û²§ªÌ¡C¤]¦]¦¹½t¬G¡A°ò·þ©v±ÐÄY¸T¤H¦Û¤ñ¬°¤W«Ò¡A¥j¨å¯«¾Ç¦Û¶ø¥j´µ¤B¶}©l¡A«K§â¤Hªº¦Û¤j¡]hubris¡^µø¬°²³¸o¤§·½¡C¤H»Ýn»{ÃѤᵨü¦Û¤vªº©w¡A¤£ºÞ¤Hªº¹D¼wר©Î¤å¤Æ¦¨´N¦³¦h¥X¦â¡A¤H©l²×¤£¥i¦Û¤ñ¬°¯«¡F¤H©Ê¤¤ªº¹D¼w¸ê·½¤£ºÞ¦³¦hÂ×´I¡A²¦³º¦³¨ä©w¡A¦Ó¤£¬O¹³¤W«Ò¯ëµL¡C±q³oÓ¤HÃþ¹D¼w¯à¤O¤Î¦¨´Nªº©w¡A¤]¥i¾Él¥X¤HÃþªÀ·|¡B¬Fªv¡B¤å¤Æ¦b§¹¬ü¤Wªº©w¡C¦]¬°¤Hªº©w¡A¤H¾Ì¦Û¤vªº¯à¤O¬O¤£¥i¯à¦b¤µ¥Í®ÉªÅ¤¤«Ø¥ß¤Ñ°ê©Î§¹¬üªºªÀ·|¡C
¡@¡@±q¤Wz°ò·þ©v±Ð¥D¬yªº¯«Æ[¤Î¤HÆ[¥i¬Ý¨ì¡A°ò·þ©v±Ðªº¯«¾Ç¥D¬y¬O°í«ù¯«¤H¤§¶¡ªº¶¡Â_©Ê¡]discontinuity¡^¡A°í«ù¯«¤H¤§¤À¤£®eª{·À¡C¤W«Ò´N¬O¤W«Ò¡A¤H´N¬O¤H¡A¨âªÌ®ù´ô¤À©ú¡A¦]¦¹¡A¤H¦b¥@¤W¥²¶·«ù¦u¤@Ó¤H¥ÍÆ[¡A´N¬O¤Hn¦w¤À¦u¤v¡Aª¾¹D¤Î±µ¨ü¤Hªº¥ý¤Ñ©w¡Aª¾¹D¤Î±µ¨ü¤H©Ê¡B¤H¥Í¡B¤Î¤Hªº¸sÅé¥Í¬¡ªº¤£¥i§¹¬ü©Ê¡]imperfectibility¡^¡A©ó¬O«Kn´À¤Hªº¦æ°Ê¹º¤@½d³ò¤Î©w¡A¤£¥i¹O
<p.55>
¶V¡F§_«h¡A¤H´N¬On¹Á¸Õ¯}°£³oÓ¤H¯«¤§§O¡A§_©w¤Hªº¥ý¤Ñ©w¡A¶i¤J¤W«Òªº»â°ì¡A§@¤@¨Ç¤W«Ò¤~¥i§@ªº¨Æ¡A³o¼Ë«K¬O§êºt¤W«Ò¡A¬O·M¤£¥i¤Îªº¡C
¡@¡@¦]¦¹¡A«ö·Ó¤Wzªº«ä¸ô¡A°ò·þ©v±Ðªº¥D¬y¯«¾Ç¥²µMì«h©Ê¦an¨D¤H¤£¥i§êºt¤W«Ò¡A³o¬O°ò·þ©v±Ðªº¤H¥ÍÆ[ªº¤@³¡¤À¡C¦Ü©ó¦b¨ãÅé²Ó¸`¤W¡A¬Æš¬¨ãÅé¦æ¬°¤~ºâ¬O§êºt¤W«Ò¡A«h¥i¦³«Ý°Q½×¡C
¡@¡@¦b§â°ò·þ©v±Ð«ä·Q»P¨ä¥L©v±Ð«ä·Q§@¤@¤ñ¸û¤§«e¡A¥ý§@¤TÂI¸É¥R°Q½×¡A§K¥Í»~¸Ñ¡Cº¥ý¡A¤£¥i§êºt¤W«Ò¥u¬O°ò·þ©v±Ð¤H¥ÍÆ[ªº¤@³¡¤À¡A¦Ó«D¨ä¥þ»ª¡C°ò·þ©v±Ðªº¤H¥ÍÆ[ªº¥t¤@«n¤º®e¬On¨D¤H®Äªk¤W«Ò¡]©Î®Äªk°ò·þ¡^¡C¤j³¡¤À¥D¬y¯«¾Ç®a¦b±j½Õ¯«¤H¬Û²§¤§¾l¡A¤]·|«ü¥X¯«¤H¬Û¹³¤§³B¡C¯«¤HÁöµM¬J¤£¦PÅé¡A¤]¤£¦P½è¡A¦]¦¹¯«©Ê»P¤H©Ê¤§¶¡¨S¦³©Ê½è¬Û¦Pªº¹p¦P¤§³B¡A¦ý«o¦³Ãþ¤ñ©Êªº¨v¦üÃö«Y¡A¦]¬°¸t¸g²M·¡ªÖ©w¤H¬O«öµÛ¤W«Ò§Î¶H³yªº¡]¡m¸t¸g¡E³Ð¥@¬ö¡n1³¹26~28¸`¡^¡C¦]¦¹¡A¾¨ºÞ¤H¯«¤§¶¡¦³®Ú¥»©Êªº®t²§¡A¾ú¥N°ò·þ©v±Ð¯«¾Ç®a³£ªÖ©w¤H¬O¦b¬YºØ·N¸q¤W»Å¹³¤W«Òªº¡CÁöµM¡A¾ú¥N¯«¾Ç®a¹ï³oÓ¨v¦üÃö«Y¦³¤£¦P¸àÄÀ
¡A[32]
¦ý¦Ü¤Ö³oÅã¥Ü¾ú¥N¯«¾Ç®a¦b±j½Õ¤W«Òªº¶W¶V©Ê®É¡A¨Ã¨S¦³¨«¦V·¥ºÝ¡]¤W«Ò»P¤H¦b¥ô¦ó¤@¤è±³£¦³¹ý©³ªº®t§O¡A¥HP¯«¤H¤§¶¡¨S¦³¥bÂI¦@³q¤§³B¡^¡C
¡@¡@«ö·Ó¤@ºØ°ÊºAªº¤W«Ò§Î¶HÆ[¡A¤Hn¨v¦ü¤W«Ò¤£¬O¤@Ó¬J¦¨ªº¨Æ¹ê¡A¦Ó¬O¤@Ó¦³«Ý¶}®iªº¤u§@¡A¬O¤H¥Í©R´£¤Éªº¥Ø¼Ð¡C¦ý¬O¡A¤H¯«ÁöµM¬Û¹³¡A¦ýÖí²×¤H¯«¦³§O¡F¦]¦¹¡A¤Hªº¥Í©R¤£ºÞ´£¤É¨ì¦óµ¥¹Ò¬É¡A¤HÁÙ¥u¬O¦b¤@©w¨î¤º¨v¦ü¤W«Ò¡A¦Ó¤£¯àÂà¤Æ¬°¤W«Ò¡C´«¨¥¤§¡A¤H¥u¯à¹³¤Ñ¡A¦Ó¤£¯à¤@Á|¤â¡B¤@§ë¨¬¡A´N¬O¤Ñ¡C¡§¤£¥i§êºt¤W«Ò¡¨ªº«ü¥O¬O°w¹ï¤Hªº¨g¶Æ¡]hubris¡^¡A¦Ó¡§®Äªk¤W«Ò¡¨ªº«ü¥O
<p.56>
«o¬O°w¹ï¤Hªº«å´k¡]sloth¡^¡F¨âªÌ¬Ò¬O¸oªº¥Dnªí²{§Î¦¡¡C[33]
¦]¦¹¡A³o¨âÓ«ü¥O¬O¨¤¦â¤£¦P¡A¦ý¦P¼Ë«n¡A¤£¥i°¾¼o¡C¤H¤§©Ò¥H·|«å´k¡A¬O¦]¬°¤H¤£Ä@´£¤É¥Í©R¡F¥Ø¤¤¦³¯«¡A¦ý«o¤£Ä@¿Ëªñ¯«¡C¦]¦¹¡A¤W«ÒÁܽФH¥h®Äªk¤W«Ò¡A¦b´£¤É¥Í©R¤¤n¦³©Ò§@¬°¡C¤H¤§©Ò¥H·|¨g¶Æ¡A¬O¦]¬°¤H¦b´£¤É¥Í©R®É¥Ø¼Ð¹L°ª¡F¥Ø¤¤µL¯«¡A¦Û¤ñ¬°¯«¡C¦]¦¹¡A¤W«Òĵ»|¤H¤Å§êºt¤W«Ò¡A¦b´£¤É¥Í©R®É¤]n¦³©Ò¤£¬°¡C·í§Ú̦b±j½Õ¤Å§êºt¤W«Ò®É¡A¤£n¿ò§Ñ»P¥¦¤¬¸Éªº®Äªk¤W«Ò¡A§_«h«K¬y©ó®ø·¥¡Aªýê¬ì¾Ç¶i¨B¡C
¡@¡@¨ä¦¸¡A¾ú¨Ó°ò·þ©v±Ðªº¤W«ÒÆ[³£¥]§t¤W«ÒªºÅ@¦ö¡]Providence¡^¡A«ü¥X¤W«Ò¦b³Ð³y¤Ñ¦a¸Uª«¤§«á¡A¹ï³o³Q³y¥@¬É¤´¤£Â_¦a¬ÝÅU¡BºûÅ@©Mªv²z¡C´«¨¥¤§¡A¤W«Ò¦b³Ð³y¤Ñ¦a¸Uª««á¨Ã¤£¬O¤@ª½¦b¨É¨ü¦w®§¡A¹ï¦¹¥@¨Æª«¤£¦A¹L°Ý¡]³o¬O¦ÛµM¯«½×ªº½×½Õ¡^¡F¬Û¤Ï¦a¡A¤W«Ò¤´¿n·¥¦a¥h·ÓÅU³o¥@¬É¡C¶Ç²Î¯«¾Ç§â¤W«ÒªºÅ@¦ö¤À¬°¤T³¡¤À¡G«O¾i¡Bªv²z¡B¨ó¦X
¡F[34]
¦b¥»¤å¤¤§ÚÌn±j½Õªº¬O¡§¨ó¦X¡¨¡C[35]
¤W«ÒªºÅ@¦ö³o±Ð¸qn«ü¥X³o¦t©zªÆ»a¨Ã¤£¬O¤@Ó¿W¥ß¦Û¦s
<p.57> ªº¨t²Î¡A¤Ñ¦a¤Hª«¨Ã«D©t§D§D¦a¦s¦b¡F¨ä¹ê³o¥@¬Éªº³Ð³yªÌ¤]µL®ÉµL¨è¦b·ÓÅU®Æ²z³o¥@¤W¤@¤Á¨Æ»Pª«¡C¦ý³o¨Ã¤£ªí¥Ü¤H¦b¥@¤W¥u¬O³ÈÀw¡A¤@Á|¤@°Ê§¹¥þ¨üª±¤ì°¸À¸ªº¤H©Ò¾ÞÁa¡F©Î¥u¬O´Ñ½L¤Wªº§L¨ò¡AµLÁnµL®§¦aÀH¤U´ÑªÌªº¤ß·NÂ\§G¡C¬Û¤Ï¦a¡A¤H¬O¤W«Òªº¨ó§UªÌ©M¦X§@ªÌ¡]co-worker¡^¡A§Ų́ó¦X¤W«ÒªºÅ@²z¡C
¡@¡@©Ò¿×¯«¤H¨ó¦X¨Ã¤£¬O»¡¤W«Ò§@¤@¥b¡A¤H§@¤@¥b¡F¦Ó¬O»¡¡A±q¤H²´¤¤¬Ý¨Ó¦Ê¤À¤§¦Ê¬O¤H¡]©Î¨ä¥Lª«Åé¡^©Ò§@ªº¨Æ¡A¦P®É¦Ê¤À¤§¦Ê¤]¬O¤W«Ò¦b§@¡C´«¨¥¤§¡AÁöµM¤W«Ò¦Ê¤À¤§¦Ê¦b´xÅv¡B«O¾i¡B¤Îªv²z¡A³o³Q³y¥@¬É¤¤¤j³¡¤À®É¶¡¦Ê¤À¤§¦ÊÁÙ¬O¦P®É¥Ñ¦¸¦]©Ò¤Þ°_ªº¡F¤W«ÒªºÅ@²z³oӱиq¨Ã¨S¦³»¡¦¸¦]¥u¬O®ü¥«¸Â¼Ó¦Ó¤w¡C¼w¤å¦³¤@ºØ»¡ªk»¡±o«Ü¦n¡AAllwirksamkeit
Gottes¡]¤@¤Á³£¬O¤W«Òªº¤u§@¡^¨Ã¤£ªí¥ÜAlleinwirksamkeit
Gottes¡]¥u¦³¤W«Ò¿W¦Û¦b¤u§@¡^¡C¦]¦¹¡A«ö·Ó³oÓ¨ó¦Xªº¤W«ÒÅ@¦öÆ[¡A¤Hn°Ñ»P¤W«Ò¹ï³o¥@¬Éªºªv²z¡A§Ú̪º¦æ°Ên¤Ï¬M¥X¤W«Òªºªv²z¡]®Äªk¤W«Ò¡^¡A©Ò¥H¤HÀ³¦Û±j¤£®§¡A¶§è¶i¨ú¡AºÉ¤W¤@¤Á¦X²zªº¤H¨Æ©M§V¤O¡AªG´±¥h§@¤@¨ÇÁ}Ãøªº¨M©w¡A§ïÅܤ£¨}ªº²{ª¬¡A¦Ó¤£¬OÅ¥¤Ñ¥Ñ©R¡A¨Æ¨Æ¶¶¨ä¦ÛµM¡C
¡@¡@¡§¤£¥i§êºt¤W«Ò¡¨ªº«ü¥OÄU¤Hn©Ó»{¤Hªº¥ý¤Ñ©w¡A¤£¥iÙ]]§Uªø¡F®Äªk¤W«Ò¤Î¯«¤H¨ó¦XªºÅ@¦ö«h¹ªÀy¤H¤£nÃi´²¡A¤£¥i¦u®è«Ý¨ß¡C«eªÌÄU¤H¦³®Én¦³©Ò¤£¬°¡A«áªÌ«h¹ªÀy¤H¦³®Én¤j¦³©Ò¬°¡A¤GªÌ¬O¤¬¸Éªº¡C
¡@¡@³Ì«án¼á²Mªº¬O¡A°ò·þ©v±Ðªº¥D¬y¤W«ÒÆ[ÁöµM±j½Õ¤W«Ò¶W¶V©ó¤H¥@¡A¦ý¤W«Ò»P¸U¦³ªºÃö«Y«o«D©Ò¿×¡§¯Âºéªº¶W¶V¡¨¡C[36]
°ò·þ©v±Ðªº¤W«Ò¨Ã«D©âÂ÷©ó¥@¬É¤§¥~¡A°ª°ª¦b¤W¡A§Nºz¶WµM¡A¤£¤¶¤J¤H¥@¡C³o¼Ë¤@Ó§N²´®ÇÆ[ªº¤W«Ò¡A¥u¬O¼Ú¬wû£»X®É´Á¦ÛµM¯«½×ªº¤W«ÒÆ[¡A¾ú¥N¥D¬y¯«¾Ç³£¤£¬O³o¼Ë¨Ó¬Ý¤W«Ò¡C°ò·þ©v±Ð¯«¾Ç®aªø´Á
<p.58> ¥H¨Ó³£±j½Õ³oÓ¶W¶Vªº¤W«Ò¡A¤]¬O¤@Ó©ó¥@¬ÉÁ{¦b©Î¦P¦b¡]omnipresent¡^ªº¤W«Ò¡A[37]
»P¤H¬Ûªñ¡B¬Û¿Ë¡B¬Û³q¡CÁöµM¸t¸gªº§@ªÌ¤Î¾ú¥N¯«¾Ç¤Ö¥Î¥»Åé½×ªº»y¨¥¡]¤º¦b¡B¤º¦s¡^¨Óªí¹F¤W«ÒÁ{¦b©ó¤H¡A¦ý¨Ã¤£¦]¦¹´Nªí¥Ü°ò·þ©v±Ðªº¤W«Ò¬O¯Âºé¶W¶Vªº¤W«Ò¡C°ò·þ©v±Ðªº¤W«Ò¬O¤@Ó¤H®æ¯«¡A¦]¦¹¤W«ÒªºÁ{¦b¡A¤]¬O±Ä¥Î¤H»Ú¬Û¥æªº»y¨¥¨Óªí¹F¡]¦p¦ö²z¡B¥ß¬ù¡B¬@±Ïµ¥¡^¡C¦]¦¹¡A»P¤H§¹¥þ¬Û²§ªº¤W«Ò¡A¤]¬O¤@ÓÁ´N»P¤H¬Û¿Ëªº¤W«Ò¡]Á{¦b©Î¦P¦bªº¤W«Ò¡^¡C[38]
¡@¡@ºî¨¥¤§¡A¤W«Òªº¶W¶V»P¤W«ÒªºÁ{¦b³£¬O´yz¤W«Ò»P¥@¬ÉªºÃö«Y¡C»{«H¤W«Ò¬O¶W¶Vªº¡A´N¬OªÖ©w¤W«Ò¨Ã«D¨ü³y¥@¬Éªº¤@³¡¤À¡]¦Ó¤£¬OªÅ¶¡©Ê¦a´yz¤W«Ò¦s¦b©ó¥@¬É¤§¤W©Î¥@¬É¤§¥~¡^¡F¤W«Ò»P¤H¤£³æ¤£¦PÅé¡A¤]¤£¦P½è¡A¦]¬°¤W«Ò»P¤H¬O¦s¦³¤W¤£¦P§Ç©Î¤£¦P¦V«×ªº¡C»{«H¤W«Ò¬O´¶¹MÁ{¦bªº¡A´N¬OªÖ©w¤W«ÒÁö«D³o¨ü³y¥@¬Éªº¤@³¡¤À¡A¦ý«oÁ{¦b©ó¥@¡A°Ñ»P¤Î§ë¤J¤H¥@¡A¹ï¤H¦³±¡¡B¦³·R¡B¦³·P³q¡C¤W«Òªº¶W¶V¬Oªí¹F¤F¤W«Ò»P¤H¥@ªº¿W¯S©Ê¡A¦Ó¤W«ÒªºÁ{¦b¬Oªí¹F¤F¤W«Ò»P¤H¥@ªºÃöÁp©Ê¡C¦]¦¹¡A¤W«Òªº¶W¶V»P¤W«ÒªºÁ{¦b®Ú¥»¤£¬O¤¬¬Û±Æ¥¸¡A¤]¤£¬O¹s©M¹CÀ¸¡A¦¹®ø©¼ªø¡A½Ä¬ð¹ï¥ß¡F¬Û¤Ï¦a¡A³o¨âªÌ¬O¬Û»²¬Û¦¨¡A¬Û±o¯q¹ü¡C¦]¦¹¡A¤W«Òªº¶W¶V©M¤W«ÒªºÁ{¦b¤§¤À§O¡A¤£¯à¥Î¥~¦b»P¤º¦b¡B»·©Îªñ¡BÂ÷©Î¦X¡B¹j©Î³qµ¥¬Û¤¬±Æ¥¸ªº¤è¦¡¨Óªí¹F¡C¯«¤H¬Û²§¡A¨Ã¤£·N¿×¯«¤H¬°¤G¡F¯«¤H¤§¶¡¦b¦s¦³§ÎºA¤W®ù´ô¤À©ú¡A¨Ã¤£·N¿×¯«¤H¤§¶¡¦bÃö«Y¤Î·¾³q¤W¹jµ´¹ï¥ß¡C´«¨¥¤§¡A¡§¤£¥i§êºt¤W«Ò¡¨ªº«ü¥O¡A¨Ã¨S¦³¥H»P¤W«Ò¡§¤@¤M¨âÂ_¡¨¬°¨H«¥N»ù¡C<p.59>
|
|
¥|¡B
¤Hn§êºt¤Ñ |
¡@¡@¥¿¦p«ez¡A¡§¤£¥i§êºt¤W«Ò¡¨ªº«ü¥O¬O¥H¤@Ó¯S©wªº¯«Æ[¤Î¤HÆ[¬°«e³]¡C§Oªº¯«¾Ç©Î©v±Ð«ä·Q¡A¦p¤£°í«ù¤W«Òªº¶W¶V¡]²×·¥¦s¦³»P¤H§¹¥þ¬Û²§¡^¤Î¤Hªº¥ý¤Ñ©w¡A«K¤£·|¾Él¥X¡§¤£¥i§êºt¤W«Ò¡¨³o¤H¥ÍÆ[¡C¯÷¥H·í¥N®ü¥~·s¾§®aªº©v±Ð©Ê¾§¾Ç¬°»¡©ú¡C[39]
¡@¡@º¥ý¡A·í¥N®ü¥~·s¾§®aÁöµM¦ÛºÙ¥L̪º©v±Ð§ÎºA¬O¡§¤º¦b¶W¶V¡¨¡A¦ýY¥H¤Wz¤W«Ò¶W¶V©Êªº¤Ø«×¨Ó¿Å¶q¡A·í¥N®ü¥~·s¾§®a©Ò¨¥»¡ªº¤Ñ¡A¬O¤@ÂI³£¤£¶W¶V¡C·s¾§®a¹ï©ó¤ÑÄY«¯Ê¤Ö¤F¡§§¹¥þ¬Û²§ªÌ¡¨ªº·NÃÑ¡A¦]¬°·s¾§®a°í«ù¤Ñ¤H¦P¤@¡B¤Ñ¤H¦PÅé¡B¤Ñ¤H¦P½è¡C·s¾§®aªº¤Ñ¡AµL½×¦b¦s¦³¤W¤Î©Ê½è¤W¡A³£¨Ã¤£¶W¶V©ó¤Hªº¤ß©Ê¡F¦]¦¹¡A¦b»{ª¾¤W¡B¨¥»¡¤W¡B¹D¼w¤W¡B¤ÎªÀ·|¤å¤Æ¤W¡A³oӤѤ]¨Ã¤£¶W¶V©ó¤Hªº¤ß©Ê¡C·s¾§®aªº¤Ñ¨Ã«D¡§§¹¥þ¬Û²§ªÌ¡¨¡A¦]¬°·s¾§®a¦b¥»Åé½×¤W°í«ù¤Ñ»P¤H¨ä¹ê¬O¦P¤@¥»Åé¡A¦b©v±Ð»{ÃѽפW°í«ù¤º¬Ù¤Hªº¹D¼w¤ß©Ê¡A¬O»{ÃѤѪº¬J¥²µM¤]¥R¤À±ø¥ó¡C¦]¦¹¡A³oӤѨ䣷|¦p¶ø¦«©Ò»¡¡A¬O¡§§¹¥þ¶W¥X¤F³q±`ªº¡B¥i²z¸Ñªº»P¼ô±xªº½d³ò¡¨¡A¨Ï¡§¤ßÆF¥Rº¡¤F¯íµMªºÅå©_»PÅå´j¡¨¡F³z¹LºÉ¤ßª¾©Êª¾¤Ñªº¶i¸ô¡A·s¾§®a¨S·Q¹L±¹ï¤Ñ®É·|¡§°hÁY¨ì§bY¤ìÂû¯ëªºÅåÛᤧ¤¤¡¨[40]¡C
¡@¡@ <p.60>
¥¿¦pð§g¼Ý¤Î¼Bz¥ý³£¦P·N¡A·s¾§®aªº©v±Ð¥ß³õ¬O¸û±µªñ¦è¤èªºªx¯«½×¡C[41]
¥i¬O¡A±q¦è¤è¥D¬y°ò·þ©v±Ð¯«¾Ç¬Ý¨Ó¡Aªx¯«½×¤§©Ò¥H³Q¥¸¬°«D¥D¬y¯«¾Ç«ä·Q¡A´N¥¿¦]¬°ªx¯«½×¬°¤Fn±j½Õ¤W«Ò¤§¤º¦s©ó¥@¬É¤§¤º¡A¦Ó¤£±¤©ñ±ó¤F¤W«Òªº¶W¶V©Ê¡C
¡@¡@¨ä¦¸¡A·í¥N®ü¥~·s¾§®a§_©w¤H¦³¥ý¤Ñ©w¡C¥¿¦p¦È©v¤T»¡¡A¡§¥Ñ¶W¶Vªº»»«´µo®i¬°¤º¦bªº»»«´¡A¬O¤@Ó·¥¨ä¦ÛµMªº¶iµ{¡C«eªÌ§â¤Ñ¹D±À»·¤@ÂI¡A¥H«O«ù¤Ñ¹Dªº¶W¶V©Ê¡F«áªÌ§â¤Ñ¹D©Ô¶i¤H¤ß¡A¨Ï¤§¡¥¤º¦b¤Æ¡¦¡A¤£¦A¬°·q¬Èªºª«¥ó¡A¦ÓÂà¤Æ¬°¤@§Î¦Ó¤Wªº¹êÅé¡C¡K¡K¤£¦An¨D¦V¤WÃk´©¤Ñ¹D¡A¤Ï¦Ón¨D§â¤Ñ¹D©Ô¤U¨Ó¡A¦¬¶i¦Û¤vªº¤º¤ß¡A¨Ï¤Ñ¹D¤º¦b¤Æ¬°¦Û¤vªº¼w©Ê¡A§â¤Hªº¦a¦ì¡A³q¹L°Ñ¤Ñ¦a¦Ó¬°¤Tªºªº¹Lµ{¡A¦Ó»P¤Ñ¦a¨Ã¦C¦Ó¬°¤T¦ì¤@Åé¡A´«¥y¸Ü»¡¡G§â¤Ñ¦aªº¦a¦ì¥Ñ¤W¥q¡B§g¤ý©Ô¸¨¦Ó¬°¦P¤u¡A¹±ÄÝ¡C¡¨
[42]
¡@¡@¬JµM¤Ñ¤H¦PÅé¡A¤Ñ¤H¦P§Ç¡A¤Hªº¦a¦ì»P¤Ñ»ô¡A¤H¤ß©Ê©Ò¾Ö¦³ªº¯à¤O©Î¼ç¯à§Y¬O¤Ñªº¯à¤O¡A¦]¦¹·s¾§¾Ç¥²µM¦a±j½Õ¤Hªº¯E¤j¯à¤O¡A¦Ó¤£½Í¤Hªº©w¡C¡§¦ýì«h¤W²z©Ê²×¥i§JªA¸o´c¡A¦p¤W«Ò¥i§JªA¼»¦ý¡C¦b°ò·þ±Ð¡A¤Z¤W«Ò©Ò¾átªº¡A¦b¾§±Ð¤¤¡A§YÂk©óµL¹Lµ{¤¤µL²z©Ê¤§§e²{¡C©Ò¥H³o¤£¬O¼ÖÆ[»P§_ªº°ÝÃD¡A¤D¬O²z¤W·í¦p¦óªº°ÝÃD¡C¡¨[43]
¦È©v¤T«á¨Ó¦b¥t¤@¥»®Ñ¤¤ºÙ©I³oÓ©v±Ðªº«¬ºA¬°
<p.61>¡§¹D¼wªº©v±Ð¡¨¡F¾¨ºÞ¦b¸gÅç¨Æ¹êªº¼h±¤H¬O¦³ªº¡A¦ý´N¨ä©v±Ð¥@¬ÉÆ[¦Ó¨¥¤H«o¬OµL¡C¡§¦b¾§®a¡A¹D¼w¤£¬O°±¦b¦³ªº½d³ò¤º¡A¤£¬O¦p¦è¤èªÌµM¥H¹D¼w»P©v±Ð¬°¹ï¥ß¤§¨â¶¥¬q¡C¹D¼w§Y³qµL¡C¹D¼w¦æ¬°¦³¡A¦Ó¹D¼w¦æ¬°©Ò¨Ì¾Ú¤§¹êÅé¥H¦¨¨ä¬°¹D¼w¦æ¬°ªÌ«hµL¡C¡K¡K¨äÓ¤H¥Í©RÁö¦³¡A¨ä¹D¼w¦æ¬°¥ç¦³¡AµM¦Ó¦³§YµL¡A¦¹§Y¨ä©v±Ð¹Ò¬É¡C¡¨[44]
¡@¡@ºî¨¥¤§¡Að§g¼Ý»P¦È©v¤T¬Ò±q©v±Ð¨¤«×¨Ó¸àÄÀ¾§¾Çªº¤Ñ¤H¦PÅ黡¡C¬JµM¤Ñ¤H¦PÅé¡B¤Ñ¤H¦P§Ç¡B¤Ñ¤H¦P¤@¡A³oӤѬO¹ý©³¤ºÄá©ó¤H©Ê¤¤¡]©Ò¿×¡§¤º¦b¶W¶V¡¨¡^¡A¦Ó¤Hªº¼ç¯à§Y¤Ñªº¯à¤O¡A¦]¦¹¤Hªº¹D¼w¼ç¯à¬OµL¡BµL½a¡BµLºÉ¡B¤ÎµL¤î®§ªº¡C¤Hªºµ½©Ê²×¥i¾Ô³Ó¥@¤Wªº´c¶Õ¤O¡A¦]¬°¤W«Ò²×¥²¾Ô³ÓÅ]°¡C¦P¼Ë¦a¡A§ùºû©ú©ZµM¦a«ü¥X¡A¡§§º©ú¾§®a¦³Ãö¤ßªºµL·P¨ü©Êªº«H©^¡A¨M¤£¬O¤@ºØ®öº©¥D¸qªº¨£¸Ñ¡A¤D¬O¦³·NÃѦa¸Õ¹Ï½á¤©¤H©Ê¤@ºØ¤W«Ò¯ëªº³Ð³y©Ê¡C¡¨[45]
¦]¦¹¡A§ùºû©ú¦Û¤v¤]¥D±i¡A¡§¾§®aªº©v±Ð©Ê¬O¸g¥Ñ¨CÓ¤H¶i¦æ¦Û§Ú¶W¶V®É¨ã¦³µL¼ç¦b©MµL¥i½aºÉªº¤O¶q¦Ó®i²{¥X¨Óªº¡C¡¨[46]
¦b¤H©Ê¤¤¦³¡§¥Î¤§¤£ºÜªº¤º¦b¸ê·½¡¨¡A¦³¡§¤£¥i½aºÉªº¥i¯à©Ê¡¨¡A¥i¥H´£¨Ñ¡§¤@ºØ¤º¦b¬L©úªºµL¥ð¤î¹Lµ{¡¨¡C[47]
³oºØ¹ï¤Hªº©v±Ð¦Û«H¡A¤]¬O»OÆW¦~«C¤@¥N·s¾§®a°lÀHªÌªº¯S¼x¤§¤@¡C[48]
¡@¡@·í¥N®ü¥~·s¾§®a¬JµMªÖ©w¤Ñ¤H¦P¤@¡B¤Ñ¤H¦PÅé¡B¤Ñ¤H¦P½è¡B¤Ñ¤H¦P§Ç¡A·íµM¤]¥D±i¤Ñ¤H¦@¨Æ¡A¤Hªº¬¡°Ê½d³ò»P¤Ñ»ô¡A¨S¦³¸T°Ï¡B<p.62>
¨S¦³¤£¥i¶i¤Jªº»â°ì¡A¨S¦³¤£¥iëƶVªºÃä¬É¡C¤Hn¼w°t¤Ñ¦a¡A°Ñ¤Ñ¦a¡AÃ٤ƨ|¡A»P¤Ñ¦a°Ñ¡A©Ò¥H¤H¤@©wn§êºt¤Ñ¡F¨Æ¹ê¤W¡A¤H´N¬O¤Ñ¡A®Ú¥»µL»Ý½Í¡§§êºt¡¨¡A§_«h«K¬O¤Ñ¤H¦³¹j¡C
¡@¡@²¨¥¤§¡A°ò·þ©v±Ðªº¥D¬y¯«¾Ç»{¬°¤W«Ò¬O¶W¶V¦Ó¤£¤º¦b¡]¦ý«oÁ{¦b¡^¡A¤H¬O¦³¥ý¤Ñ©w¡A©Ò¥H¤HÁöµMn®Äªk¤W«Ò¡]Ãþ¤ñ©Ê¦a»Å¹³¤W«Ò¡^¡A¦ý«o¤£¯à§êºt¤W«Ò¡]¥H¤v¬°¤W«Ò¡A§@¥u¦³¤W«Ò¤~¥i§@ªº¨Æ¡^¡C·í¥N®ü¥~·s¾§®aªº¤Ñ«o¬O¥u¤º¦b¦Ó¤£¶W¶V¡]ÁöµM¤Ñ¤´¬O²×·¥¹ê¦b©Î¦s¦³¡^¡A¦Ó¤H¬O¾Ö¦³µL½aµLºÉªº¼ç¯à¡]¤Ñªº¯à¤O¡^¡A©Ò¥H¤H§OµL¿ï¾Ü¡A¤@©wn§êºt¤Ñ¡An¤@Á|¤â¤@§ë¨¬³£¬O¤Ñ¡A³o¬O¤Hªº³d¥ô¡C |
|
¤¡B ¹ï¡§§êºt¤W«Ò¡¨ªº¥¿½T²z¸Ñ
|
¡@¡@¦b¤W¤åµ§ªÌ¹Á¸Õ«ü¥X¡A¡§¤£¥i§êºt¤W«Ò¡¨³o¤H¥ÍÆ[¡A¬O¥Ñ°ò·þ©v±Ðªº¯«¾Ç©Ò¤Þ¥Ó¥X¨Ó¡A¨Ã¥B¤£¯à±q~²§ªº©v±Ð«ä·Q¾Él¦Ó¨Ó¡C¦]¦¹¡A¤U¤@Ó¥ô°È´N¬On§â¡§¤£¥i§êºt¤W«Ò¡¨ªº©ú½T·N¸q¤Î¥¿½T¥Î³~§@§ó²Ó½oªº¤ÀªR¡A§KP³o«ü¥O¦¨¬°¤@Ó¡§°²¡B¤j¡BªÅ¡¨ªº¤f¸¹¡C
¡@¡@¥¿¦p«ez¡A¦b°Q½×¿ò¶Ç°ò¦]¤uµ{®É¡A®É±`¦³¤H¥Î¡§§êºt¤W«Ò¡¨³o¸Ü¨Óĵ§i¤H¤Å»´Á|¦k°Ê¡C¦]¦¹¡A·í¬ü°ê¡§Á`²Î©e¥ôÂå¾Ç¡B¥Íª«Âå¾Ç¡B¤Î¦æ¬°¬ã¨s¤¤ªº¹D¼w°ÝÃD¬ã¨s©eû·|¡¨¦b¨î©w¨ä³ø§i®Ñ¡m²¾±µ¥Í©R¡n¤§«e¡A¯S§O¥Î¤ß«ä¹Á¸Õ¥h²z¸Ñ¨s³º¡§§êºt¤W«Ò½×ÃÒ¡¨¬O«ç¼Ë¤@ӤϹï½×ÃÒ¡C¸Ó©eû·|¹ï©ó¤@¨Ç«ü±±¿ò¶Ç°ò¦]¤uµ{¬O§êºt¤W«ÒªºÁ¿ªk¤£¤©»{¦P¡A¦ý¹ï¨ä¤¤¤@Ó²z¸Ñ¡§§êºt¤W«Ò¡¨ªº¤è¦¡«h±ÄÃÙ¦¨ªººA«×¡C«ö·Ó³oºØ²z¸Ñ¤è¦¡¡A¡§§êºt¤W«Ò¡¨¨Ã«D¤@Ón¨Óµ²§ôÅG½×ªº¬ÓµP¡A¦Ó¬O¤@Ó·¥¨ä«nªº´£¿ô¡A´£¿ô¤H«D¥þª¾¡A¥B·|§@¿ù»~§PÂ_¡C¡§¤Å§êºt¤W«Ò¡¨¨ä¹ê¬O´£¿ô¤H¡§ª¾¦¼¦Û¤v¡¨¡An©Ó»{¤Hªº²z¸Ñ¤O¤Î¹w´ú¯à¤O¬Ò¦³·¥¡A¤£n¹L¤À¦Û«H¡A¥H¬°¤H¯à·Ç½T¹w´ú¤@¤Á·|µo¥Íªº«áªG¡A¤Î¦³¨¬°÷À³Åܯà¤O¥h¤Æ¸Ñ¤@¤Á¥i¯à¦]
<p.63>
¥X¿ù¦Ó±a¨Óªº¦M¾÷¡C[49]
³oÓ¸àÄÀ¦³¤@ÓÀuÂI¡A´N¬O±q¤j³BµÛ²´¡A¦Ó¤£¬O§â¡§¤£¥i§êºt¤W«Ò¡¨ªº«ü¥O·í§@¤@Ó«ü¤Þ¯S©w¨ãÅé¦æ°Êªº¹D¼w³W½d¡C¦ý³oÓ¸àÄÀ¤]¦³¤@Ó®zÂI¡A´N¬O§â©v±Ð¦]¯À²H¤Æ¡C
¡@¡@µ§ªÌ»{¬°¡A¤T¤Q¦~«e¬ü°ê°ò·þ±ÐÛ²z¾Ç¤j®vPaul Ramsey¦b¨ä¡m¥[¤u¤H¡n¤@®Ñ¤¤©Ò´£¥Xªº¨£¸Ñ¡AÁÙ¬Oȱo¦Ò¼{¡C¦b³o¥»°Q½×°ò¦]¾Þ±±Û²zªº¦WµÛ¤¤¡ARamsey´£¥X¨ä¦W¨¥¡G¡§·í¤H©|¥¼¾Ç·|°µ¤H¤§«e¡A¤H¤£À³§êºt¤W«Ò¡F·í¤H¾Ç·|°µ¤H¤§«á¡A¤H´N¤£·|§êºt¤W«Ò¡¨¡C[50]
Ramseyª¾¹D³o¸Ü·|¥O¬Y¨Ç¤H»~·|¡A¥H¬°¥L¥D±i¦u®è«Ý¨ß¡A¥H¤£ÅÜÀ³¸UÅÜ¡F©Ò¥H¥L¸ÑÄÀ»¡¡A©ó«nÃöÀY®É¡A¤H·íµMn®¼¨¦Ó¥X¡A§@ªG´±¨M©w¡A©Ó¾á³d¥ô¡A¦Ó¤£¬O°kÁשάȺ¬È§À¡F¦ý¬O³oÓ³d¥ô¥²¶·»P¨ü³yª«¨¤À¬ÛºÙ¡CRamsey¤]ª¾¹D³oÓ«ü¥O¦³¬y¬°·q°@¼Ð»x¡A¹ï¹D¼w§à¾ÜµL¬Æ©ú´·«Ø¾ðªº¦MÀI¡A[51]
©Ò¥H¥L¥D°Ê¼á²M¡A¡§¤£¥i§êºt¤W«Ò¡¨³o«ü¥O¥»¨¨Ã¨S¦³´£¨Ñ«ü¤Þ¨ãÅé¦æ°Êªº¯S©w¹D¼wªk«h¡Fn§ä³o¨Çªk«h¡AÁÙ±o¦^¨ì¦UÃþ¹D¼w°ÝÃDªº»â°ì¤¤¡C¦ý¬O¡A³o¨Ç¯S©wªºªk«h¤Î§à¾Ü«o¥²¶·³B©ó¤@Ó§ó¼sÁ諸¡§²×·¥¯ßµ¸¡¨¨Ó²z¸Ñ¡A¦Ó¡§¤£¥i§êºt¤W«Ò¡¨³o«ü¥O©Ò´£¨Ñªº´N¥¿¬O³o¼Ëªº¡§²×·¥¯ßµ¸¡¨¡C[52]
¡@¡@¥Î¥t¤@ºØ¸Ü¨Óªí¹F¡Aµ§ªÌ»{¬°¡§¤£¥i§êºt¤W«Ò¡¨©Òªí¹Fªº¬O¤@ºØ¥@¬ÉÆ[¡C¦Ó¤£¬O¤@±ø¹D¼wªk«h¡C·í¥N¬ü°ê°ò·þ±ÐÛ²z¾ÇªÌAllen
Verhey¤]¬O±q³o¨¤«×¨Ó¬°RamseyÅGÅ@¡A§â³o«ü¥O¸àÄÀ¬°¤@ºØ¡§¹ï¥@¬Éªºµø³¥¡¨¡]perspective
on the world¡^¡C[53]
¥L¶i¤@¨B§â¡§¤£¥i§êºt¤W«Ò¡¨ªº¥@¬ÉÆ[¤ÀªR¬°¥|ÓnÂI¡G¡]1¡^¤W«Ò¤~¬O¤W«Ò¡A<p.64>
¤H¤£¬O¤W«Ò¡A¡]2¡^¦ÛµM¬É¬O¤W«Ò©Ò½ç¡A¤HÀ³´L«¤Î°ö¨|¡A¦Ó¤£¬O©ºªA¡A¡]3¡^ª¾ÃѨëD¬°¤FÅv¤O¡Aª¾ÃÑ¥i¥H¶W¶VÀ³¥Î¡A¡]4¡^¦t©z¤H¥ÍµhW¤§·½¨Ã«D¦b¤H¥H¥~ªº¦ÛµM¡A¦Ó¬O¦b¤H¥H¤ºªº¨g¶Æ©M«å´k¡C±q³oÓ¥@¬ÉÆ[¥»¨§Ṳ́£¯àª½±µ¾Él¥X¥ô¦ó¹D¼w«ü¤Þ¡A¦ý¥un©M³B¹Ò¤ÀªR¡]¦p¥Í¨|¡BÂåÀø¡^µ²¦X¡A³o«ü¥O«Kħt¤@¨Ç¸T¨î©Êªº¹D¼w³W½d¡C[54]
¡@¡@ºî¨¥¤§¡AÁöµM«Ü¦h¤H§â¡§¤£¥i§êºt¤W«Ò¡¨³o«ü¥O·í§@¤Q»|¤¤²Ä¤G¶ôªkª©ªº»|©R¨Ó¨Ï¥Î¡]¥Î¨Ó¸T¤î¬ì¾Ç®a«¾ã¤HÃþ°ò¦]¡A¸T¤îÂå¥Í¨M©w¯f¤H¥Í¦º¡^¡A¥¦ªº¥¿½T¥Î³~À³¬O§ó±µªñ²Ä¤@¶ôªkª©ªº»|©R¡A¯S§O¬O²Ä¤@»|¡G¡§°£¤F§Ú¥H¥~¡A§A¤£¥i¦³§Oªº¯«¡¨¢w¢w¥]¬A¥H¤H¦Û¤v¬°¯«¡C§êºt¤W«Ò¤§©Ò¥H¬O¤@¶µÄY«ªº¸o¡A¤£¬O¦]¬°¤H¯}Ãa¤F¤H»P¥L¤H©Î¤H»P¦ÛµMªº¥¿·íÃö«Y¡A¦Ó¬O¦]¬°¤H¯}Ãa¤F¤H»P¤W«Òªº¥¿·íÃö«Y¡C
¡@¡@µ§ªÌ¨Ã¥B»{¬°¥i¥H§âVerheyªº¸à¸Ñ§ó©¹«e±À¤@¨B¡A±q¡§¤£¥i§êºt¤W«Ò¡¨ªº¥@¬ÉÆ[¤¤´£·Ò¥X¤@Ó¤H¥ÍÆ[¡A¦³¥H¤U¦UÂI¡G
¡@¡@¡]1¡^©Ó»{¤Hªº©w¢w¢w¥¿¦p¦b¤W¤å©Ò¸ÑÄÀ¡A°ò·þ©v±Ðªº¯«¾Ç«ä·Q±j½Õ¤H©M¤W«Ò¤ñ¸û¡A¤H¬O¦³¦h«©w¡C¦b³oÓ¡§¤£¥i§êºt¤W«Ò¡¨ªº«ä·Q¤¤¡A¯S§Oȱo§Ú̪`·Nªº¬O¤H¦b¹D¼w¤Wªº©w¡]¤HÃþ¥Ã¤£¯à¿²©ó¹D¼w§¹¬ü¡A¾Þ±±¥ý¶i¬ì§Þªº¤H¦b¹D¼w¯à¤O¤W¨Ã¤£¤@©w¥ý¶i¡^¡A¦bªÀ·|¤å¤Æ¤Wªº©w¡]¤HÃþ¥Ã¤£¯à«Ø¥ß§¹¬üªºªÀ·|¡FY¦³¤H¥H¬°´x´¤¤F§¹¬üªÀ·|ªºÂŹϡA¥²·|±Æ°£¸UÃø¥h±À¦æ¡A©ó¬O¯Q¦«¨¹«ä·Q¤Ï¦¨¬°¼É¬Fªº·Å§É¡^¡A¤Î¥Íª«¤Wªº©w¡]¤H¬O¥²¦º¡A¦Ó¥B·|¥Í¯f¡B°I¦Ñ¡B¾÷¯à°h¤Æ¡F¤HÅé¬J«D¦Ê¬r¤£«I¡A¤]«D¤Mºj¤£¤J¡A¤H·|¨ü¶Ë¡A¬Æ¦Ü´Ý»Ù¡^¡C¤Ï§Ü³o¨Ç©w¡A¹Á¸Õ§JªA³o¨Ç©w¡A¶W¶V³o¨Ç©w¡A´N¬O¤H·Q§êºt¤W«Òªº°_¨BÂI¡C¡]©Ò¥H¦³¾ÇªÌ§â¡§¤Å§êºt¤W
<p.65> «Ò¡¨µø¬°©Ó»{·¥ªº¤ñ³ë©Ê»y¨¥¡C[55]¡^
¡@¡@¡]2¡^§i»|¤H¤Å¶ÆºC¢w¢w¦Û¶ø¥j´µ¤B¶}©l¡A¦è¤è¯«¾Ç¤@ª½§â¶ÆºC¡]hubris¡^µø¬°²³¸o¤§·½¡A¦Ó¶ÆºCªº¥Dnªí²{¬O§â¦Û¤v©ï°ª¦Ü»P¯«¦Pµ¥¡A³o¨ä¹ê´N¬O§êºt¤W«Òªº¤@ºØ¡C¶ÆºC¤]ªí²{©ó¤H¹L¤À¦Û«H¡A°ª¦ô¤Hªº¯à¤O¤Î¦¨´N¡F¤Wz¬ü°êÁ`²Î©e¥ô©eû·|³ø§i®Ñ¤¤¡A´N¬O±q³oÓ¡§ª¾¦¼¦Û¤v¡¨ªº¨¤«×¨Ó¸à¸Ñ¡§¤H¤Å§êºt¤W«Ò¡¨¡C¥i¨£¡A§â¦Û¤v©ï°ª¦Ü»P¤W«Ò¦Pµ¥¡A§Æ±æ±o¨ì¤W«Ò¤~¦³ªºÄÝ©Ê¡A§Æ±æ§@¥u¦³¤W«Ò¤~¥i§@ªº¨Æ¡A²¦³º¤´¬O²z¸Ñ¶ÆºCªº¥Dn¦Ò¼{¡C¦]¦¹¡A§ÚÌ¥i¥H±q³oÓ¨¤«×¨Ó²z¸Ñ¡§§êºt¤W«Ò¡¨¡C¥u¦³¤W«Ò¤~¥i¥H§@ªº¨Æ¥]¬A´XºØ¡A³Ð³y¤Î¬@±Ï¤HÃþ¬O¨ä¤¤¤G¶µ¡A²{¤Àz¦p¤U¡C
¡@¡@¡]3¡^§i»|¤H¤Å§êºt³Ð³yªº¤W«Ò¢w¢w¾¨ºÞ¤H¤£¯à¦p¤W«Ò¯ë±qµL¦Ó¦³¦a³Ð³y¸U¦³¡A¦ý¤H·|´Á¬ß¦p¤W«Ò¯ë«P¦¨¤@Ó·sªº³Ð³y¡A³Ð³y·s¤H¡A³Ð³y§¹¬üªº¯´§Ç¡]³z¹L³]p¡B¾Þ±±¡B¤Î¤uµ{¨Ï¤H¿²©ó§¹¬ü¡^¡C¬°¤Fn«Ø¥ß¬FªvªÀ·|ªº¯Q¦«¨¹¡A¤H·|¹Á¸Õ³z¹L¬FªvªÀ·|¤uµ{¡A¥h¨Ï¦Û¤v¦¨¬°§¹¬üªÀ·|¬Fªv¯´§Çªº³Ð³yªÌ¡C¬°¤Fn«Ø¥ß¥Íª«ªº¯Q¦«¨¹¡A¤H·|¹Á¸Õ³z¹L°ò¦]¤uµ{¡A¨Ï¦Û¤v¦¨¬°§¹¬ü¥Íª«¯´§Çªº³Ð³yªÌ¢w¢w³Ð³y·s¥ì¨l¶é©M·s¨È·í¡C[56]
¡@¡@¡]4¡^§i»|¤H¤Å§êºt¬@±Ïªº¤W«Ò¢w¢w¦³¤H¦Ûµø¬°¥þ¥Á±Ú¬Æ¦Ü¥þ¤HÃþªº¬@±ÏªÌ¡A©ó¾ú¥v¤¤¹ð¨£¤£ÂA¡C©ó°ª¬ì§Þ®É¥N¡A³oºØ¤ßºA¤]®É±`¥X²{¡C©óªñ¥N¦è¤è¬ì§Þµo®i¥v¤¤¡A¦³¤H§â¬ì§Þµø¬°¸Ñ©ñ¤HÃþ
<p.66>
ªº¤u¨ã¡A¥i§JªA¤Hªº¨î¡AÀ°§U¤H¸Ñ¨M¤@¤Áªº§xÃø¡F³oºØ¹ï¬ì§Þªº±R«ô¡A´N¬O§â¬ì§Þµø¬°¤HÃþªº¬@±Ï¡A[57]
¦Ó¦³¨Ç¬ì¾Ç®a§ó¥H¤HÃþªº¬@±ÏªÌ¦Û©~¡C©ó¬O¡A¥LÌ¥D±i¤Z¬O¬ì§Þ¤W¥i¬°ªº¡A³£À³¦ÊµL¸T§Ò¥h¥[¥H¹B¥Î¡A¨ü¬ì§Þªº«ü¥O¡]the
technological imperative¡^©Ò¤ä°t¡C
¡@¡@µ§ªÌ¬Û«H¤Wz¥|ÂI¡§¤£¥i§êºt¤W«Ò¡¨ªº¤H¥ÍÆ[¡A¹ï21¥@¬öªº¤@¨Ç¬D¾Ô¬OÄǦ³·N¸qªº¡]¸Ô¨£¤U¤@¬q¸¨¡^¡C¦b³oùØ¥ý§@¤@Á`µ²¡G§êºt¤W«Ò¡AÃöÁä¨Ã¤£¬Oþ¤@ºØ¯S§O¦æ°Ê¡A¦Ó¬Oþ¤@ºØ¤H¥ÍºA«×¡C¥¿¦p¨È·í®L«½°½¦Y¡§¸TªG¡¨¦Ó¥Ç¸o¡A¥L̤§©Ò¥H¥Ç¸o¡A¤£¬O¦]¬°¹¸TªG³oÓ¶i¹¦æ°Ê¡A¦Ó¬O¦b¥LÌn¦Y¸TªGªº·N¹Ï©M°Ê¾÷¢w¢w§Æ±æ²´·ú©ú«G¡A¯à¦p¤W«Ò¤@¼Ë¾Ö¦³¦UºØª¾ÃÑ¡]¡m¸t¸g¡E³Ð¥@°O¡n3³¹5¸`¡^¡C[58]
§êºt¤W«Ò¬O¤H¦b¦æ°Ê¤W¦³©Ò¹O¶V¡A¶i¤J¸T°Ï¡A¦ý³oÓ¸T°ÏªºÃä¬É¤£¬O¥Î¦ÛµM»â°ì¡]¦pDNA¡B¥Í´Þ¬¡°Ê¡B¥Í©Rªº¥Í¦º¡^¨Ó¬É©w¡A¦Ó¬O¥Î¤H¯«Ãö«Y¨Ó¸ÑÄÀ¡C«Ü¦h¤H¹ï¡§§êºt¤W«Ò¡¨À³¥Î¿ù»~¡A¥¿·½©ó³o²V²c¡C[59]
|
|
¤»¡B 21¥@¬ö¤¤§êºt¤W«Òªº»¤´b |
¡@¡@¤@¥y»y¼ô¯à¸Ôªº¸Ü»¡¡G¡§¥¿¦p¤G¤Q¥@¬ö¬Oª«²z¾Çªº¥@¬ö¡A21¥@¬ö <p.67>
±N·|¬O¥Íª«¾Çªº¥@¬ö¡C¡¨[60]
¤À¤l¥Íª«¾Ç¤×¨ä¬°¤j®aªºµJÂI¡F¥Íª«°ò¦]¤uµ{¡B¤HÃþ°ò¦]²Õp¹º¡B½Æ»s¡]§J¶©¡^§Þ³Nµ¥·s¬ð¯}¡A±N·|¦b³o¤@Ó·s¥@¬ö¤¤±a¨Ó²`»·ªº¼vÅT¡C¦]¦¹¦³¥t¤@¥y¸Ü»¡¡G¡§¤û¹yª«²z¾ÇÅý§Ú̲z¸Ñ¤W«Ò³Ð³y¦t©zªº»y¨¥¡A¿ò¶Ç¾Ç¡]¯S§O¬O¹ïDNAªº¥þ±¸Ñ½X¡^Åý§Ú̲z¸Ñ¤W«Ò³Ð³y¥Í©Rªº»y¨¥¡C¡¨
¡@¡@·s¬ì§Þªº«¤j¬ð¯}¡A¥i¥H¬°¤HÃþ´£¨Ñ·sªA°È¡A¦ý¤]·|¨Ï¤HÄøÄø±ý°Ê¡C¦]¦¹¡Aµ§ªÌ»{¬°21¥@¬ö±N¦³¥H¤U³o¨Ç§êºt¤W«Òªº»¤´b¡G
¡@¡@¡]1¡^±q¿ò¶Ç°ò¦]¤uµ{¨ì·s³Ð³y¢w¢w¤H¥i¥H¹ï¨âÃþ¿ò¶Ç°ò¦]¶i¦æ¾Þ±±¡GÅé²ÓM¤¤ªº¿ò¶Ç°ò¦]¡A¤Î¥Í´Þ¨t²ÓM¤¤ªº¿ò¶Ç°ò¦]¡C§ïÅÜ«eªÌ¡A¥u·|¼vÅT·í¨Æ¤H¡F§ïÅÜ«áªÌ¡A±N·|¼vÅT·í¨Æ¤Hªº¥@¥@¥N¥N¡C§ï°Ê¿ò¶Ç°ò¦]¤]¥i¦³¨âÓ¤£¦P¥Øªº¡GªvÀø¡]®Úµ´¿ò¶Ç©Ê¯e¯f¡^¡A¤Î¼W±j¤uµ{¡]enhancement¡A¨Ï¤HªºÅé¾z¤Î¤ß´¼¦³©Ò§ï¨}¡^¡C¦]¦¹¡A¿ò¶Ç°ò¦]¤uµ{¤jP¥i¤À¬°¥|Ãþ¡GÅé²ÓM°ò¦]ªvÀø¡BÅé²ÓM°ò¦]¼W±j¤uµ{¡B¥Í´Þ¨t²ÓM°ò¦]ªvÀø¡B¥Í´Þ¨t²ÓM°ò¦]¼W±j¤uµ{¡C²Ä¤@Ãþªº°ò¦]¤uµ{ª§Ä³³Ì¤Ö¡A¦]¬°»P¤@³eªºÂåÀø©v¦®¤@P¡F¦¹Á|ÁöµM¬O¤z¹w¦ÛµM¡A¦ý«o¬OªÈ¥¿¦ÛµM¥Í©R¤¤ªº¿ù¶Ã±¡ªp¡C¦]¦¹¡A¥un§Þ³N¦w¥þ¡]¥Ø«eÁÙ¤£¯à¾á«O¡^¡A¤Îµø¿ò¶Ç°ò¦]¬°¨Å骺¤@³¡¤À¡A¨Ã¨S¦³»P§O¤£¦Pªº¯«¸t©Ê¡A¤£¤Ö¯«¾Ç®a³£ÃÙ¦¨Åé²ÓM°ò¦]ªvÀø¡C[61]
¤Wz²Ä¥|Ãþªº°ò¦]¾Þ±±«hª§Ä³³Ì¤j¡A¦]¬°¤@¤è±¬J²o¯A¨ì¥Í´Þ¨t <p.68>
²ÓM¤¤ªº°ò¦]¡A©Ò±a¨Óªº§ïÅÜ·|ºø©µ¨ì©Ò¦³«á¥N¡A´X¥G¤£¥i°fÂà¦a¼vÅT¨ì±N¨Óªº¥@¥N¡F¥t¤@¤è±¡A¨ä¾Þ±±¥Î·N«D¬°ªv¯f¡A¦Ó¬O¬°¤F§ï¨}¤HºØ¡A¬°¤FÀu¥Í¡C[62]
¡@¡@
¡@¡@ÁöµMÀu¥Í¿ò¶Ç°ò¦]¤uµ{©ó¯Çºé¼w°ê´Á¶¡§Ë¨ì¦b°ê»Ú¤WÁn¦W¯TÂÇ¡A¦Ó¥B©ó¾Ô«á¤S¦³®É·|»PºØ±Ú¥D¸qµ²¦X¡]¨Ò¦p»¡¥Õ¤Hªº¿ò¶Ç°ò¦]¤ñ¶Â¤Hªº¿ò¶Ç°ò¦]Àu¨}¡^¡A¥HP²{®É¦b¥D¬yªÀ·|¨S¦³«Ü±jªºÁnµ¡F¥i¬O¡A³oºØ¿ò¶Ç°ò¦]Àu¥Í¤uµ{«ä·Q¦b¥»¥@¬ö±N·|¤é¯q§§¤j¡A²z¥Ñ¦p¤U¡C¬ã¨s¬ì¾Ç¥vªº¾ÇªÌµo²{¡A¿ò¶ÇÀu¥Íªº«ä·Q¦b¬ì¾Ç«ä·Q¥v¤¤¤wÁßÆC¤F¤@¬qªø®É¶¡¡C[63]
¨ä¤¤¯S§O¬O¼w°ê¿ò¶Ç¾ÇªÌHermann J. Mullerªº«ä·Q¤×¨ä¥O¤HÃöª`¡C¥L©M¨ä¥L¿ò¶Ç¾ÇªÌ³£»{¬°¡A¤H¥i¥H³z¹L°ò¦]¤uµ{§ï¨}¤HºØ¡A¦Û§Ú±±¨î¤Î¤Þ¾É¤Hªº¶i¤Æ¡A¥H¿²§¹¬ü¡C¦]¦¹¡A¤HÃþ¥i¦]¦¹¦¨¬°·s¤HÃþªº³Ð³y¥D¡A±q¨Æ·sªº³Ð³y¡A©Î²Ä¤G¦¸³Ð³y¡A[64]
<p.69>
¤H¦]¦¹¥i¥H¹³¯«¤@¼Ë¡C[65]
³oºØÆ[©À¡A¬Oªñ¤H¦pJoshua Lederberg¡]¿Õ¨©º¸¼ú±o¥D¡A¤h¤¦¦ò¤j¾Ç¿ò¶Ç¾Ç±Ð±Â¡^©ó1967¦~¤]¥D±i¡G¡§§@¬°¾ÞÁaªÌ¡A¤H¹L©ó¬O¤W«Ò¡F§@¬°ª«¥ó¡A¤H¹L©ó¬O¾÷±ñ¡¨¡C[66]
¦AªÌ¡A¤HÃþ°ò¦]²Õp¹º©ó2000¦~6¤ë«Å§G¤w¤jP§¹¦¨¡A¦Ó°Ñ»Pªº³¡¤À¬ì¾Ç®a»{¬°¡A¤HÃþ°ò¦]²Õ¤¤ªº½T¦³¤£¤Ö·å²«¡F«Ý¥R¤À»{ÃÑ«á¡A¥i¥[¤u¨Ï¤§§¹¬ü¡C¬Æ¦Ü¦³¤H¥Î©v±Ðªº»y¨¥¡A»¡¤H¦b¼Z¸¨«á¿ò¶Ç°ò¦]²Õ¤]¨ü¨ì·lÃa¡A±N¨Ó¥i¥H³z¹L°ò¦]¤uµ{¨Ï¤H«ì´_¦Ü©õ¤éìªì¤§§¹¬ü¡C[67]
³o¨Ç«ä·Q¡A³£±a¦³¤H¬O·sªº³Ð³yªÌ©Î¬@±ÏªÌ¤§·N¡A³o´N¬O¤Hn§êºt¤W«Ò¡C[68]
¡@¡@´«¨¥¤§¡Aµ§ªÌ¨Ã¤£¬O§â©Ò¦³¿ò¶Ç°ò¦]¤uµ{µø¬°§êºt¤W«Ò¡F¦p¤Wz¡Aµ§ªÌì«h¤WÃÙ¦¨Åé²ÓM°ò¦]ªvÀø¡Cµ§ªÌ¤]¤£§â©Ò¦³¥Í´Þ¨t²ÓMªº°ò¦]¾Þ±±µ¥¦P¬°§êºt¤W«Ò¡AÁöµM¦³¨Çµ§ªÌ©Ò´L·qªº°ò·þ±ÐÛ²z¾Ç¾ÇªÌ¦³¦¹¥D±i¡C[69]
¥u¦³·í¦³¨Ç¬ì¾Ç®a§â¥Í´Þ¨t²ÓM°ò¦]¼W±j¤uµ{¡Aµø¬°³Ð³y·sªº¤HÃþ¡B©Î²Ä¤G¦¸³Ð³y¡B©Î¬@±Ï¤H²æÂ÷°ò¦]¼Z¸¨¤Î¶i¤J·sªº¥ì¨l¶é¡A¬Æ¦Ü©ú¨¥³o¬O¤@¶µ»Å¹³¤W«Òªº°¶¤j¤uµ{¡A¤~ºâ¬O§êºt¤W«Ò¡C
¡@¡@ <p.70>
³Ìªñ´¶ªL´µ¹y¤j¾Ç¥Íª«¾Ç±Ð±Â§õ¡E§Æº¸¦ò¡A§óºX¼mÂA©ú¦a©ó¡m««Ø¥ì¨l¶é¡n³o¥»®Ñ¤¤¬°¿ò¶ÇÀu¥Í¤uµ{¥´®ð¡C¨¬°¤@¦ì¿ò¶Ç¾Ç®a¡A¥L¹ï¥Í¨|¿ò¶Ç¾Ç¦b±N¨ÓªºÀ³¥Î¥Rº¡«H¤ß¤Î¤Q¤À¼ÖÆ[¡C¥L»{¬°º¥ý¡A³z¹L§â°Êª«ªº¬Y¨Ç¿W¯S°ò¦]²¾´Ó¦Ü¤HÃþªº°ò¦]²Õ¡A¤HªºÄ²Ä±¯à¤O¥i¤j¤j¼W±j¡]¦p¥i¥H¬Ý¨ìµµ¥~½u¤Î¬õ¥~½u¡^¡C¤Hªº¨Åé¥i¥H©ó¶Â·tÀô¹Ò¤¤µo¥ú¡]¨ú¦Û¿Ã¤õÂΤβ`®ü³½ªº°ò¦]¡^¡A¤]¥iµo¹q¡]¨ú¦ÛÅÁ³½ªº°ò¦]¡^¡A°»´úºÏ³õ¡]¨ú¦Û³¾Ãþªº°ò¦]¡^¡A±o¨ìÆF±Ó¶åı¡]¨ú¦Ûª¯ªº°ò¦]¡^¡A¤Îµo©ñ©M·P¨ü¤Ï®g°ªÀW²vªºÁnªi¡A¥HP¦bº£¶Â¤¤¤´¥i
¡§¬Ý¨£¡¨ ª«Åé¡]¨ú¦Û½¿½»ªº°ò¦]¡^¡C[70]
´«¨¥¤§¡A¤H¬Ò¥i¥H¦¨¬° ¡§¤d²z²´¡¨ ¡B ¡§¶¶·¦Õ¡¨¡I¦AªÌ¡A¬ì¾Ç®a§ó¥i¥H©ó¹êÅç«Ç¤¤»s³y¹ñ·sªº¤H¤u¦X¦¨°ò¦]¡A¤j´TÂX¤j¤HÃþªº°ò¦]²Õ¤Î¤Hªº¤Ñ½á¯à¤O¡C[71]
¦]¦¹¡A§Æº¸¦ò§ó¹w¨¥¦b±N¨Ó¤HÃþ·|º¥º¥¤À¤Æ¦¨¨âÃþ¤H¡G¦ÛµM¤H¡]Naturals¡^¡B¤Î°ò¦]´I¸Î¤H¡]Gene-enriched,
or GenRich¡^¡C«áªÌ¥Ñ©ó¤£Â_±µ¨ü¥Í´Þ¨t²ÓMªº°ò¦]¼W±j¤uµ{¡A¨Å餺±N·|¼W¥[ÃB¥~¤@¹ïªº¬V¦âÅé¡]´«¨¥¤§¡A¬O¤@¦@24¹ï¡^¡A¥H®e¯Ç¸g¹L¯S§O³]pªº°ò¦]¡C¥Ñ©ó°ò¦]´I¸Î¤H¬O¸g¹Lºë±K§ï¨}ªºÀu¥Í¤HºØ¡A¦U¤è±ªº¤Ñ½á¯à¤O¬ÒÄÝ
¡§¶W«¶q¯Å¡¨¡A©ó¬OºCºC«K¥X²{ª«ºØ¤ÀÂ÷¡]species separation¡^¡A§Î¦¨¤@Ó¥þ·sª«ºØ¡A¦p¤H¤§©ó¶ÂµVµV¤]¬O¤@Ó¥þ·sª«ºØ¤@¼Ë¡C[72]
¦p¥L©Ò¨¥¡G |
|
|
¦b»»»·ªº¥¼¨Ó¬ö¤¸¡A±N¦s¦b¤@¸s´¼¼z¯S®íªº°ªµ¥¥Íª«¡CÁö
<p.71>
µM³oºØ°ªµ¥¥Íª«ªº¯ª¥ý¥i°l·¹¦Ü´¼¤H¡]homo sapiens¡^¡A¦ý¥LÌ»P²{¤µ¤HÃþªº®t²§µ{«×¡A¬O¥¿¦p²{¤µ¤HÃþ»P¤Óªì©ó¦a²yª¦¦æªº·L¤p¸£³U¤òÂΤ§¶¡ªº®t²§¡C³o¨Ç¤òÂζi¤Æ¦Ü²{¤µ¤HÃþ¬ù»Ý®É¤»»õ¦~¡AµM¦Ó±q²{¤µ¤HÃþ¦Û§Ú¶i¤Æ¦¨³oºØ¶W¯Å´¼¤Oªº°ªµ¥¥Íª«¡A»Ý®É«o¤£«Ü¤[¡C[73]
|
|
|
¡@¡@·í³oºØ°ªµ¥¥Í©R¡]°ò¦]´I¸Î¤H¡^¦^ÀY¤@¬Ý¤Óªì²V¨Pªì¶}®É©Òµo¥Íªº¨Æ¡A¤]´N¬O´¼¤H©Ò»{¬°¬O¤W«Òªº°©ò¯«¤u³Ð³y¡A¨ä¹ê³£¬O¥L̯à¤O©Ò¤Îªº¨Æ¡I[74]
¦]¦¹¡A§Æº¸¦ò±Ð±Â§â¥L³o¥»®Ñ©R¦W¬°¡m««Ø¥ì¨l¶é¡n¡A§ó¬O²M´·¦aªí¥Ü¤F¤Hn³Ð³y¤@Ó·s¤HºØªº¶¯¤ß¡C³o¬O¦b³Ð³y¤W¤Hn§êºt¤W«Ò¡C[75]
¡@¡@§Æº¸¦ò³oºØ ¡§·s¨È·í¡¨ ºc«ä¡A¨ä¹ê¬O¥§ªö¶W¤Hõ¾Çªº¥Íª«¾Ç½ª©¡A¦Ó¥B¬O¦¤w¦³¤H´£¥X¡C¦b¡m««Ø¥ì¨l¶é¡n¥Xª©«eªº¤Q¤K¦~¡A¤w¦³¥t¤@¦ì¤À¤l¥Íª«¾Ç®aWilliam
Day´£¥X¤H¥i¥H¤H¬°¦a«P¶i¦Û¤vªººt¤Æ¡A¨Ï¤HÃþ¶i¤Æ¬° ¡§²×·¥¤H¡¨ ¡]Omega
Man¡^¡F³o¬O¤@Ó·sªºª«ºØ¡A¾Ö¦³³Q¤µ¤Ñ¤HÃþµø¬°¶W¦ÛµMªº¯à¤O¡C[76]
¡@¡@³o¨Çn³Ð³y·s¨È·íªº¥ø¹Ï¡A¦p^°ê·í¥N¤kõ¾Ç®aMary Midgley ©Ò¤ÀªR¡A¬O·¥«×¤£´¼ªº¡A¦]¬°³Ð³y·s¤HºØ¯à¬@±Ï¤HÃþ¶Ü¡H³Ð³y·s¤HºØ¡A§¹¥þµL§U©ó¸Ñ¨M¤HÃþ¥Ø«e±¹ïªº§x¹Ò¡]¦p¥@¬ÉÄȯî¡B®Ö¤l¾Ôª§¡BºØ±Ú½Ä¬ðµ¥¡^¡C[77]
Ãø¹D§ÚÌn«Áоú¥vÂÐÂá¡A°g«H¬Y¨Ç¶W <p.72>
¤H¥i¥H¬@±Ï¤HÃþ¶Ü¡H³z¹L°ò¦]¼W±j¤uµ{¨Ó³Ð³y¤@Ó·s¤HºØ¡A¬O¤@ºØª¼¥Øªº³Ð³y¡A¤]¬O¤@ºØ¦MÀIªº¬@±Ï¡C°ò·þ©v±Ð´£¿ô¤H¤£n§êºt¤W«Ò¡A¼W¥[§Ú̹ï³o¨Ç¤Þ»¤ªºÄµÄ±©M±Ó·P¡A¨Ï¤H¥i¤Î¦©è§Ü³o¨Ç¤Þ»¤¡C
¡@¡@¿ò¶Ç°ò¦]Àu¥Í¤uµ{¡A¨Ï¤H´÷±æ¯à¥Í¨|¡§§¹¬üªºÀ¦«Ä¡¨¡C[78]
¨Æ¹ê¤W¡A°l¨Dªñ¥G§¹¬üªºÀ¦«Ä¡A¤w¦Ñ¦³z¹L¥Í´Þ¬ì§Þ¶i¦æ¤F¤G¤Q¦h¦~¡C¥Ñ©ó¤H¤u±Âºëµ{¦¡Â²³æ¡A¦b¨p¤H¶E©Ò¤]¥i¥H¶i¦æ¡A©Ò¥H¡§ºë^ºë¤l®w¡¨«KÀ³¹B¦Ó¥Í¡A¬°¤£¥¥¤Î´I¦³ªº¤Ò©d´£¨Ñ¡§½è¶q°ª¡¨ªººë¤l¡C©ó¬O¡AɺثK¦¨°tºØ¡A¤H¤u¥Í´ÞÅܦ¨Àu¥Í¥Í´Þ¡C[79]
³Ì¤Þ¤HIJ¥Øªº¡§¤Ñ¤~ºë¤l»È¦æ¡¨¦ì©ó¬ü°ê¥[¬wEscondido¥«¡A¦¨¥ß©ó¤C¤Q¦~¥N¡C¾Ú¤@¶µ½Õ¬d¡A©ó1987¦~¡A¸Ó¡§¥Í´Þ¿ï¾Ü®w¡¨¤w¾Ö¦³¤¦ì¿Õ¨©º¸¼ú±o¥D¤Î¨ä¥¦³Ç¥X¤H¤hªººë¤l¡A«P¦¨¤F37Ó¤p«Äªº½Ï¥Í¡C[80]
¸Ó¡§¥Í´Þ¿ï¾Ü®w¡¨ªº¥¿¦¡¦WºÙ¬°Hermann J. Muller Repository
for Germinal Choice¡F¥Î¤F¤W¤å´£¤Î´£ÒÀu¥Í°ò¦]¤uµ{ªºMuller±Ð±Â¬°¦W¡A¨ä«P¦¨Àu¥Íªº¤ß¥i¿×¹ü¹ü©ú¬Æ¡C[81]
¡@¡@¡]2¡^±q¤H¤u¥Í´Þ¨ì§JªA¤Hªº¥Íª«©w¢w¢w¤Hªº©w¨Ó·½¤§¤@¬O¤Hªº¥Íª«©Ê¡F§@¬°¥Íª«¡A¤Hªº¦Û¥Ñ¬O¨ü¨ì¦å¦×¤§Âß©Ò¨î¡C¦b¥Í´Þ¤è±¤]¦p¬O¡A¤Hªº¥Í´Þ¦Û¥Ñ¬O¨ü¨ì¦h«¥Íª«¨î¡G¥u¯à³z¹L¥æ <p.73>
¶ü¶i¦æ¡B¥u¯à©ó¦³¥Í¨|¯à¤O®É´Á¶i¦æ¡B¥²¶·»P²§©Êµ²¦Xµ¥¡C¥Í´Þ¬ì§Þªº¶}µo¡A«nªº±À°Ê¤O¬O¨Ó¦ÛÂåÀø°Ê¾÷¡]¨ó§U¤£¨|¤Ò©d¤]¥i¥H¬°¤H¦å½t¤÷¥À¡^¡A¦ý¤]¨Ó¦Û©ºªA¦ÛµMªº¶¯¹Ï§§§Ó¡A´£Ò¥Í´Þ¦Û¥Ñªº¤H¡A§Æ±æ³z¹L¥Í´Þ¬ì§Þ¨Ï¤H¯à§JªA¤Wzªº¥Íª«¨î¡A¥D®_¦Û¤vªº¥Í´Þ©R¹B¡C[82]
³z¹L¥Lºë¤H¤u±Âºë¡BÅé¥~±Âºë¡B§Z¤l®½ÃØ¡BFL®½ÃØ¡B¥N¥¥¥Àµ¥¦w±Æ¡A¥ô¦ó¤H¤h¡]¨Ã¤£©ó¤£¨|¨k¤k¡^³£¥iµL»Ý³z¹L¥æ¶ü¦Ó¥Í¨|¡A¨Ï¥Í¨|Ãö«Y²æÂ÷©ÊÃö«Y¡C¦AªÌ¡A¥¢¥h¦×¨¥Í¨|¯à¤Oªº¤H¡]¦p°±¸gªº¤k©Ê¡^¡A¤]¥i³z¹L¥L¤Hªº§Z¤l¡Bºë¤l¡B©ÎFL®½Ãئӥͨ|¡C¬Æ¦Ü³s¦º¤H¤]¥i¥H¥Í¨|¡F¥ô¦ó¤H¤h¥i³z¹L¹w¥ý¦BÂ꺧Z¤l¡]©ó¤W¥@¬ö¬°¤£¥i¯à¡A¦ý©ó¥»¥@¬ö±N·|¦¨¥\¡^¡B¹w¥ý¦BÂ꺺ë¤l¡B©Î¹w¥ý¦BÂêºFL¡A»P¦º¥hªº°t°¸¦@¦P¥Í¨|¡C¦A¨ä¦¸¡A1997¦~ÅF°Ê¥þ¥@¬Éªº¡§Åé²ÓM®Ö²¾´Ó§Þ³N¡¨¡]«UºÙ½Æ»s©Î§J¶©¡^¡AY¥Î¦b¤H¨¤W¡]µ§ªÌ¬Û«H¡§½Æ»s¤H¡¨¤@©w·|¦b¥»¥@¬ö¥X²{¡^¡A§ó¥i¨Ï¤HµL©Ê¥Í´Þ¡]§¹¥þ¤£»Ýn¨k¤k¨â©Ê°t¤lªºµ²¦X¦Ó¥Í´Þ¡^¡C©ó¬O¡A¤Hªº¥Í´Þ¤£¦ý¥iÂ\²æ»P²§©Ê¥æ¶üªº¨î¡A§ó¥iÂ\²æ»P²§©Ê¡§¦X¸ê¡¨¡]³±¶§©M¦X¡^ªº¨î¡C³z¹LµL©Ê¥Í´Þ¡A¤H²×©ó¯à©ºªA¡§¤Ñ¦a¤§¤£¤¯¡¨¡A¨Ï¤H±q¦³©Ê§O¤§¤Àªº¦×Å餤±o¨ì¸Ñ©ñ¡A¥R¤À¾r¶¿¤Hªº¥Í´Þ¯à¤O¡A¨Ï¤H²×©ó¯à¦¨¬°¥D®_¦Û¤v¥Í´Þ©R¹Bªº¥D¤H¯Î¡C
¡@¡@µ§ªÌ¨Ã«D§â©Ò¦³¤H¤u¥Í´Þ¤ÎµL©Ê¥Í´Þµ¥¦P©ó§êºt¤W«Ò¡A¦ý¥¿¦p¤W¤å©Òz¡A°²¦p¹ª§j¤Î¶i¦æ³oºØ¥Í´Þ¬¡°Êªº·N¹Ï©M°Ê¾÷¡A¬O·Q¤Ï§Ü¡B§JªA¡B¤Î¶W¶V¤Hªº¥Íª«¨î¡A©ºªA¤HªºÂßÅé¡]embodiment¡^¡A³oºØn§ð§J¾Ô³Ó¤Hªº©wªº«ä·Q¡A´N¬On§êºt¤W«Òªº°_ÂI¡C
¡@¡@¡]3¡^±q¦w¼Ö¦º¨ì§JªA¤H¥Í¦s¹Òªpªº©w¢w¢w²üÄõªº¤W¤Uij°|¬ÛÄ~©ó2000¤Î2001¦~³q¹LÅý¦w¼Ö¦º¦Xªk¤Æ¡A·sªk«ß©ó2002¦~¶}©l¥Í®Ä¡A¨Ï²üÄõ¦¨¬°¥þ¥@¬É²Ä¤@Ó¦w¼Ö¦º©ó¥þ°ê³£¥i¦Xªk¶i¦æªº <p.74>
°ê®a¡C[83]
²üÄõ¦w¼Ö¦ºªº¨B¥ï¨«±o«Ü§Ö¡A¤£¦ý¥u¦³µ´¯gªº¯f¤H¥i¥Ó½Ð¡A¥ô¦ó¦³¤£¯à§Ô¨üªºµhW¤Î¤îµhµL±æªº¤H¤]¬Ò¥i¥Î¦w¼Ö¦º¨Óµ²§ô¥Í©R¡Cè¶}©l¡A¤£¯à§Ô¨üªºµhW¥u©ó¦×ÅéµhW¡A¦ý©ó1994¦~¤@©v¥qªkµô¨M«o¥´¶}·sªº§½±¡A³Ì°ªªk°|µô©w¤ßÆFµhW¡]psychic
pain¡^¥un¹ï·í¨Æ¤H¬OµLªk§Ô¨ü¤Î¤îµhµL±æ¡]¡§©ó¤@¬q¦X²z¦a¥i¹w´úªº±N¨Ó¤îµhµL±æ¡¨¡^¡A¤]¥i¦¨¬°¥Ó½Ð¦w¼Ö¦ºªº¥²µM±ø¥ó¤§¤@¡C
¡@¡@®×¥ó¨Æ½tHilly Bosscher¤k¤h¦]±B«Ã¥¢±Ñ¡A¾D¤V¤Òh«Ý¡A¦A¥[¤W¨â¦W¨à¤l¬Ò¬ÛÄ~©ó20·³¨º¦~¦º¤`¡]ªø¤l¦Û±þ¡B¦¸¤l¦º©óÀù¯g¡^¡A©ó¬O¦o«Kn¨Dºë¯«¬ìÂå¥Í¡]Chabot¡^¨ó§U¦o¦º¥h¡CÂå¥ÍÁöµM·Qµ¹¦oºë¯«ªvÀø¡A¦ý¬°¦o©Úµ´¡A¦º·N°í©w¥B«ù¤[¡CChabotÂå¥Í³Ì²×¶¶¦o·N«ä¡A¬°¦oª`®g¬r²G¡F¦o¦º®É50·³¡A¨Åé°·±d¡C[84]
³o¥óÓ®×Åå°Ê¥@¬É¡A¦]¬°¥H¤ßÆFµh·¡¤§¦W¨D¦º¡A¨ä¹ê¬O¦]¬°¨ü¤£¤F¤H¥Í¤¤ªº¤@¨Ç¥´À»¡A¤Î»{©w¤@Ó¨ü³Ð¶Ëªº¥Í©R¬O¤£È±o¦A¬¡¤U¥h¡C³o¨D¦ºªº·N©À°²©w¤@ºØ¤H¥ÍÆ[¡A´N¬O¥u¦³·í¤H¥ÍµL«¤jµhW·Î¼õ¤~¬O¤@Óȱo¬¡ªº¤H¥Í¡C¥i¬O¡A³o·N©À«oÁô§t¤@ºØ©Úµ´¥Í©R©wªº¤H¥ÍÆ[¡C¤H¥Í¤¤¤£¦p·N¨Æ¤Q¤§¤K¤E¡A¦Ó³o¨Ç¤£¦p·N¨Æ¤S·|¨Ï¤H¤ßÆF¨ü³Ð¶Ë¡A¨üµhW·Î¼õ¡]¥¢ÅÊ¡B³æÅÊ¡B¤É¾Ç¤£¦p·N¡B±B«Ã¥¢±Ñ¡B¨Æ·~¥¢±Ñ¡B¨ä¥L®À§é¡^¡A³o¥¿Åã¥X¤HÃþ¥Í¦s¹Òªpªº©w¡C¤H·|¨ü¶Ë¡A·|¨üW¡A·|¦³©Ò¥¢¡A¡§«è¼¨·|¡A·R§OÂ÷¡¨¡]¦ò±Ð¤KW¤§¤G¡^¡C¤H¥Í¤¤¤£¯à¨Æ¨Æ¦p·N¡A³o³£Åã¥Ü¤Hªº¯Ü®z¡A¤Hªº©w¡C°²¦p§ÚÌn¥Î¦º¤`¨Ó°kÁפH¥ÍªºWÃø¡A´N¥¿Åã¥Ü§Ṳ́£Ä@·N©Ó»{¤H¦s¦b¹Òªpªº©w¡A¤Î¥Î¦º¨Ó¤Ï§Ü¤H¦s¦b¹Òªpªº©w¡]¡§§ÚY¦º¤F¡A«K¤£»Ýn <p.75>
¦A¨ü³o¨ÇW¡¨¡^¡C
¡@¡@¦¹¥~¡A¤]¦³¤@¨ÇÓ®×Åã¥Ü¡A¤HYÄY«¨ü¶Ë¦ýµL¥Í©R¦MÀI¡]¦p¦]·N¥~¦Ó¾ÉP¥|ªÏÅõºÈ¡^¡A¤]·|¦³¤Hn¨D¦w¼Ö¦º¡C¤]¦³¤H¦]¬°°I¦Ñ°h¤Æ¡]¦pè¶EÂ_¨ìªü¤ó¦Ñ¤Hè§b¯g¡A¦ý©|¥¼µo¯f¡^¡An¨D°¨¤W¦w¼Ö¦º¡C©Ò¿×¡§¹ç¬°¥É¸H¡A¤£§@¥Ë¦s¡¨¡A·í¥É»P¥Ëªº¤À¬É¬O¥H¨Åé°·±dªºµ{«×¨Ó°Ï¤À®É¡A¤]´N¬O©Úµ´±µ¨ü¤H¥Íª«ªº©w¡C
¡@¡@¤HYÁ¾¨õ¡A©Ó»{¦Û¤v¬O¨Ó©ó¹Ð¤g¤ÎÂk©ó¹Ð¤gªº¨ü³yª«¡A«K·|®õµM±µ¨ü¤Hªº©w¡C©Úµ´±µ¨ü¤Hªº©w¡A³zÅS¥X¤Hªº¤@¨Ç¶ÆºC¡A¦Ó³o¤S¬O§êºt¤W«Òªº·Å§É¡C
¡@¡@¦w¼Ö¦º¦b²üÄõ¦Xªk¤Æ«á¡A¬Û«H¥»¥@¬ö·|¦³¨ä¥L°ê®a®Ä¤×¡A³oÓ§êºt¤W«Òªº»¤´b¤]·|½¯©µ¦Ü¥@¬É¦U¦a¡C
¡@¡@¥¿¦p¤Wz°Q½×¿ò¶Ç°ò¦]¤uµ{¤Î¥Í´Þ¬ì§Þªº¶i¸ô¡Aµ§ªÌ¨Ã¤£§â©Ò¦³µ²§ô¥L¤Hªº©Ê©R¤Î¦Û§Úµ²§ô¥Í©Rªº¦æ°Êµø¬°§êºt¤W«Ò¡C¨Æ¹ê¤W¡Aµ§ªÌÃÙ¦¨¦b¬Y¨Ç·¥ºÝ±¡§Î¤¤¥i¬°¤Fµ²§ô¥L¤HµhW¦Ó¥L±þ¡]¦p¡m¬õ°ª±ç¡n¤¤Ã¹º~¤j·Ý±þ¤F¤éx«R¸¸¡A¤Îùº~¤j·Ý³Q®{§Ì®]¤¬¡¤Hé¥Ö¡An¨D¤@¤M§â¥LѶ¦º¡^[85]
¡A¤]ÃÙ¦¨¦b¬Y¨Ç·¥ºÝ±¡§Î¤¤¡A¬°§K¥L¤H¨ü±þ¼®¦Ó¦Û±þ¡]¦p¦b§Ü©Ú¯Çºé¼wxªº¾Ôª§¤¤¡A·ùx±N»âY¤£·V³Q¼Äx«R¸¸¡A¬°ÁקK§Ô¨ü¤£¦í»Å¦D¦Óªnº|x¾÷¡AÀ³ªGÂ_¦a¦Û±þ
[86]¡^¡C§â°l¨D¦w¼Ö¦ºªº·N©Àµø¬°§êºt¤W«Ò¤§°_ÂI¡A¥u©ó©ú½T¦a¥H¦º¨Ó©Úµ´©Ó»{¤Hªº©wªº±¡§Î¤¤¡C[87]
<p.76> |
|
¤C¡B¡§¤Å§êºt¤W«Ò¡¨»P¤¤°ê |
¡@¡@¥¿¦p¤Wz¡A¡§¤Å§êºt¤W«Ò¡¨³o«ü¥O¤£³æ¬O°ò·þ©v±Ð¥D¬y¯«¾Ç©Òn¨Dªº¡A¬O¿W¯Sªº¡A¤]¬O¦³·N¸qªº¡A¥B¯à°w¹ï21¥@¬öªº¤@¨Ç¬D¾Ô¦Ó´£¨Ñµo¤H²`¬Ùªº´£¿ô¡CÁöµM¦è¤è¦³¨Ç°ò·þ®{¤Î¾ÇªÌ¦³Àݥγo«ü¥Oªº¶É¦V¡A³d¨äµM¦Ó¤£»¡©ú¨ä©Ò¥HµM¡A[88]
¬y©ó¤f¸¹¤Æ¡F¦]¦¹¦³Û²z¾ÇªÌ»{¬°À³§â¡§¤Å§êºt¤W«Ò¡¨¦¹»yÅX³v©óÀ³¥ÎÛ²z¾Çªº¹Ò¥~¡C[89]
µ§ªÌ¦b¤W¤å¹Á¸Õ´À¦¹«ü¥O§@¥X¥¤Ï¡A¨Ã«ü¥X¨ä¥]§tªº¤H¥Í´¼¼z¤´¬Oȱo·í¥N¤H©Ò¬Ã±¤ªº¡C¡§¤Å§êºt¤W«Ò¡¨³o©v±Ð²Å¸¹¡A¬O¦è¤èªÀ·|¥Î¨Ó¦Û§Ú´£¿ôªº¡§¤ß¤§²ß¡¨¡A¦b¥\¯à¤W¯à¼W±j¤H¹ï¶ÆºCªºÄµÄ±¡C
¡@¡@¦b¤¤°ê¤å¤Æ¤ÎªÀ·|¡A¤@¼Ë¦³§êºt¤W«Òªº¤Þ»¤¡F¦b¤W¤@¥@¬ö¡A§ó¥[ÆC¦¨¤å²ªº´d¼@¡C¾Ú±iø¯ªº¤ÀªR¡A¤¤°ê¦b¤W¥@¬öªº²©R¶Ç²Î¬O½t©ó¦è¤è¤Î¾§®a¨âºØ¡§¹ï¤H©Ê»P¤H¤OªºµL¼ÖÆ[»P¦Û«H¡¨¡A³o¨âºØ¡§¤H·¥·NÃÑ¡¨©ó¡§¤¥|¡¨«e«á¶×¦X¡C |
|
|
³oºØ¦X¾Àªº¡¥¤H·¥·NÃÑ¡¦¡A¤ò¿AªF¦¦~¦b´ò«n®v½d©À®Ñ®É¼gªºãZ°O¡A´N¤w¸gÅãÅS¥X¨Ó¡C¤@¤è±¬O¹ï¤H¤Oªº±R«ô¡A¥t¤@¤è±¬OĦ³±j¯P¹D¼w²z·Q¥D¸qªº¡¥¸t¤H±¡µ²¡¦¡C¦]¦¹¡A¥¦¦b·í®É´¿¸g»¡¥X³o¼Ëªº¸Ü¡G¡¥ªA±q¯«¡A¦ó¤£ªA±q¤v¡H¤v§Y¯«¤]¡A¤v¤§¥~¡A©|¦³¯«¥G¡H¡¦³oºØ¡¥¤Hªº¯«¤Æ¡¦ªºÆ[©À¡A¤£¬O¤ò¿AªF¿W¦³ªº¡A¦Ó¬O¦b¤G¤Q¥@¬ö«e¥b´Á¤¤°êª¾ÃѬɦ³¬Û·í¥Nªí©Êªº«ä·QÁͶաA²`²`¦a¼vÅTµÛ¤¤°ê²{¥Nªº²©R¶Ç²Î¡C¡K¡K²{¦b¤å²
<p.77>
¤w¦¨¹L¥h¡A²©R¶Ç²Î¤]³vº¥±q¾ú¥vÁô°h¡A¤HÃþ¯à§_¯u¥¿¨V¨ú³o¥÷²©Rªº±Ð°V¡H³o¬O¤U¤@Ó¥@¬ö¡A¤]¬O¤U¤@Ó¬ö¤¸¡]¤d¦~¡^¡Aµ¹§Ú̪º¦ÒÅç¡C[90] |
|
|
¡@¡@¦b¤W¤@¥@¬ö¡A¤¤°ê¤H§êºt¤W«Ò¡A±q¨ÆªÀ·|¬Fªv¤uµ{¡A¹Ï«Øºc¬FªvªÀ·|¯Q¦«¨¹¡A¦Ó¤@±Ñ¶î¦a¡C¤¤°ê¤H¦]¬ì§Þ¸¨«á¡A©ó¤W¥@¬ö¨S¦³°Q½×©Î±q¨Æ°ò¦]¤uµ{¡A«Øºc¥Íª«ªº¯Q¦«¨¹¡C¦ýªñ´Á§ï²¶}©ñ«á¡A¤¤°ê¬ì¾Ç®a¶}©l«æ°_ª½°l¡A¦Û«H¼W¥[¤F¡A¤f§k¤]¶ÆºC¤F¡F¨Ò¦p¤¤°ê¬ì¾Ç°|ªº¦ó¯®Îº°|¤h¡A¦bµû½×³¡¤À¦è¤è¤H¹ï¡§§J¶©¡¨§Þ³N¤§¤ÏÀ³®É¡A³o¼Ë»¡¡G |
|
|
§J¶©§Þ³Nªº¥X²{¯àªºµo²{¡C¬ì¾Çªº«¤j¡A¬O¥Í©R¬ì¾Ç¤¤ªº«¤jµo²{¡A¦³¨Ç¤H¬Æ¦Ó¤ñ³ë¬°¬Û·í©óª«²z¾ÇùØì¤lµo²{©M«¤jµo©ú¡AÀ³¸Ó¿E°_¤HÃþªºªY³ß¡AÀ³¸Ó¼y©¯¤HÃþ¤S´x´¤¤F¥i¥H¬°¤HÃþ¿Ñ¨ú©¯ºÖªº¤@ºØ·s§Þ³N¡C¦ý¬O¡A§J¶©§Þ³Nªº¥X²{¡A«o¤Þ¨Ó¤@³s¦ê¡§¤Ñ±Nn±¼¤U¨Óªº¾á¼~¡C¡¨¤ä´©³oºØ©Ç½×ªº¤£¶È¦³©v±Ð®a¡Bõ¾Ç®a¡B¬Y¨Ç¯Ê¥F»·¨£¨ôÃѪº¬Fªv®a¡A¬Æ¦ÓÁÙ¥]¬A¬Y¨Ç¥Íª«¾Ç®a¡AÂå¾Ç®a¥H¤Î¬Y¨Ç¦æ¬FºÞ²z¤Hû¡C³o¤~¬O¯u¥¿ªº¡§©F©F©Ç¨Æ¡¨¡I¡K¡K¿ò¾Ñªº¬O¡A±q§J¶©°ÝÃDªºª§Ä³¤¤¡A¤H̤£Ãøµo²{¡A¡§¤Ï¬ì¾Ç¥D¸q¡¨ªº«ä¼é¡A¤w¸gº¯³z¨ì¤@³¡¤À¥Í©R¬ì¾Ç¤u§@ªÌªº¶¤¥î¤§¤¤¡I¥Í©R¬ì¾Ç®aÌ¡AÁÙ¬O«i´±¦a¦V¡§¤W«ÒªºÅv«Â¡¨¬D¾Ô§a¡I[91] |
|
|
¡@¡@<p.78>
¦³¨Ç¦è¤è¤H´£¿ô¤H¤£n§êºt¤W«Ò¡A¦ó¯®Îº«o¹³¥§ªö¤@¼Ë¹ªÀy¤H¥h¬D¾Ô¤W«Ò¡AI«á¥¿¤Ï¬M¤F¨âºØ¤£¤@¼Ëªº¤HÆ[¡C
¡@¡@¤¤°ê«ä·Q¤å¤Æ¦ü¥G¯Ê¥F©è§Ü§êºt¤W«Ò¤Þ»¤ªº¸ê·½¡C¤W¤å°Q½×¤Î·í¥N®ü¥~·s¾§®aªº«ä·Q¡A³o¨Ç·s¾§®a´¨¥n¨Ï¾§¾Ç²{¥N¤Æ¡A¨Ï¾§¾Ç¦¨¬°¬ì¾Ç¤Î¥Á¥Dªº«ä·Q¸ê·½¡A¦ý³ºµM¡§µêºc¤F¡¥¦Û§Ú¡¦ªºµLªº¶W¶V¤O¶q¡¨¡A[92]
¯u±Ð¤H¥¢±æ¡C¦³¨Ç¾ÇªÌ´£¥X¥iµo´¤Õ¤lªº¡§¬È¤Ñ¡¨ºë¯«¨Ó¨î¿Å¤¤°ê¤Hªº¹L«×¦Û«H¤Î¼ÖÆ[¤ò¯f¡F[93]
¦ý²{¥N¤¤°ê¤H©M¤Õ¤l¬O¬¡¦b¨âÓ·¥¤£¬Û¦Pªº¥@¬É¡A¦p¦ó¤Þ¤Õ¤lªº¡§¬È¤Ñ¡¨·NÃѬ°¤µ¥Î¹ê¦b«Ü¦¨ºÃ°Ý¡C
¡@¡@¤¤°ê¤H¹ê¦b»Ýn°ò·þ©v±Ðªº¡§¤Å§êºt¤W«Ò¡¨¤H¥Í´¼¼z¡F¥i¬O¡A¨S¦³°ò·þ©v±Ðªº¤W«Ò«H¥õ¡A¦ü¥G¤SµLªk¬°³o¤H¥Í´¼¼z´£¨ÑéT°ò¦¡C¤]³\¥ì¤Z»¡±o¹ï¡G¡§Y¨S¦³¤W«Ò¡A¤°š¬³£¥i¥H°µ¡C¡¨
|
|
[1] |
94President's
Commission for the Study of Ethical
Problems in Medicine and Biomedical
and Behavioral Research, Splicing
Life: The Social and Ethical Issues
of Genetic Engineering with Human
Beings (Washington, D.C.:
United States Government Printing
Office, 1982), pp.53-60; Ted Peters,
Playing God? Genetic Determinism
and Human Freedom (New York
and London: Routledge, 1997),
pp.10-11; Ted Peters, ed., Genetics:
Issues of Social Justice
(Cleveland: Pilgrim Press, 1998),
p.29. |
[2] |
¡§§A̦p¤µnª¾¹D¡G§Ú¡A±©¦³§Ú¬O¯«¡A¦b§Ú¥H¥~¨ÃµL§O¯«¡C§Ú¨Ï¤H¦º¡A§Ú¨Ï¤H¬¡¡F§Ú·l¶Ë¡A§Ú¤]Âåªv¡A¨ÃµL¤H¯à±q§Ú¤â¤¤±Ï¥X¨Ó¡C¡¨¡m¸t¸g¡P¥Ó©R°O¡n32³¹39¸`¡C |
[3] |
John Broome,
"Selecting People Randomly,
" Ethics vol.95,
no.1 (1984): 52; William Grey,
¡§Playing God,¡¨ in Ruth Chadwick,
ed., Encyclopedia of Applied
Ethics (San Diego: Academic
Press, 1998), vol. 3, p.525. |
[4] |
The Christian
Institute, "The Jodie and
Mary Twins Tragedy: Judges Must
Not Play God," http://www.christian.org.hk/PressRelease210900.html.
|
[5] |
Leroy G.
Augenstein, Come, Let Us Play
God (New York: Harper &
Row, 1969); C.A. Frazier, ed.,
Should Doctors Play God?
(Nashville: Broadman, 1971); Robert
Marion, Learning to Play God:
the Coming of Age of a Young Doctor
(New York: Fawcett Book Group,
193); R.C. Sproul, Playing
God: Dissecting Biomedical Ethics
and Manipulating the Body
(New York: Avon Books, 1997). |
[6] |
John Herman
Randall, "The Wrong and the
Bad," The Journal of
Philosophy, (1954): 773. |
[7] |
John
F. Kilner, "Health-care Resources,
Allocation of, II. Microallocation,"
in Warren Thomas Reich, ed., Encyclopedia
of Bioethics, rev. ed. (New
York: Simon & Schuster Macmillan,
1995), p.1077. |
[8] |
Ted Howard
and Jeremy Rifkin, Who Should
Play God? : The Artificial Creation
of Life and What It Means for
the Future of the Human Race
(New York: Dell Publishing Co.,
1977); June Goodfield, Play
God: Genetic Engineering and the
Manipulation of Life (New
York: Harper & Row, 1977);
Patrick Dixon, The Genetic
Revolution (Eastbourne: Kingsway
Publication, 1993), pp.26, 182;
¦¹¥~°ÑRonald Cole-Turner, The
New Genesis: Theology and the
Genetic Revolution (Louisville:
Westminster/John Knox Press, 1993),
pp.44-45; Robert Wachbroit, "Genetic
Engineering: Human Genetic Engineering,"
in Reich, Encyclopedia of
Bioethics, p.939; Nanette
Newell, "Biotechnology,"
in Reich, Encyclopedia of
Bioethics, p.283; Rebecca
S. Eisenberg, "Patenting
Organisms," in Reich, Encyclopedia
of Bioethics, p.1912; Ted
Peters, Playing God,
pp.11-13. |
[9] |
President's
Commission, Splicing Life,
pp.58-59. |
[10] |
Paul Ramsey,
Fabricated Man: The Ethics
of Genetic Control (New Haven:
Yale University Press, 1970),
p.90; Clare Randall et al.,
"Letter from Three General
Secretaries," reprinted in
President's Commission, Splicing
Life, pp.95-96; ¦¹¥~°ÑJonathan
Glover, What Sort of People
Should There Be? Genetic Engineering,
Brain Control and their Impact
on our Future World (Harmondsworth,
Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1984),
pp.46-47; James G. Lennox, "Nature,"
in Reich, Encyclopedia of
Bioethics, p.1816; Richard
A. Schweder, "Genetics and
Human Behavior, II. Philosophical
and Ethical Issues," in Reich,
Encyclopedia of Bioethics,
p.957; Ted Peters, Playing
God?, p.11. |
[11] |
¦pHoward
and Rifkin, Who Should Play
God?; Ted Peters, "'Playing
God' and Germline Intervention,"
The Journal of Medicine and
Philosophy 20:4 (1995): 365-86;
Ted Peters, Playing God? Genetic
Determinism and Human Freedom;
Bruce R. Reichenbach and V. Elving
Anderson, On Behalf of God:
A Christian Ethics for Biology
(Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1995);
James J. Walter, "'Playing
God' or Properly Exercising Human
Responsibility? Some Theological
Reflections on Human Germ-Line
Therapy," New Theology
Review 10(1997): 39-59. |
[12] |
Charles
L. Mee, Playing God: Seven
Fateful Moments when Great Men
Met to Change the World (New
York: Simon & Schuster, 1993). |
[13] |
Santogrossi
Ansgar, "Scotus's Method
in Ethic: Not to Play God ¡V A
Reply to Thomas Shannon,"
Theological Studies,
vol.55, no.2(1994): 314-28. |
[14] |
Augenstein,
Come, Let Us Play God;
Marion, Learning to Play God;
Mee, Playing God; Reichenbach
and Anderson, On Behalf of God;
Jean deBlois et al., A Primer
for Health Care Ethics: Essays
for a Pluralistic Society
(Washington, D.C.: Georgetown
University Press, 1994), pp.66-68¡FJoseph
Fletcher, The Ethics of Genetic
Control: Ending Reproductive Roulette
(Gareden City, New York: Anchor
Press/Doubleday, 1974), pp.126-128. |
[15] |
Ramsey,
Fabricated Man, pp.138-143. |
[16] |
Paul Ramsey,
The Patient as Person: Explorations
in Medical Ethics (New Haven:
Yale University Press, 1970),
pp.256, 258. |
[17] |
Edmund L.
Erde, "Studies in the Explanation
of Issues in Biomedical Ethics:
(II) On 'On Playing God,' etcs.,"
The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy,
vol.14, no.6(1989): 593-615;William
Grey, "Playing God."
|
[18] |
ùªÃ²»¡A¡q½×¤W«Òªº¶W¶V¢w¢wݽ׷s¾§®a¹ï°ò·þ©v±Ðªº§åµû¡r¡A¸ü¨ô·s¥¥D½s¡A¡m°ò·þ©v±Ð¬ã¨s¡n²Ä¤G¿è¡AªÀ·|¬ì¾Ç¤åÄm¥Xª©ªÀ¡A¥_¨Ê¡A2000¡A²Ä37-52¶¡C |
[19] |
Emil Brunner,
The Christian Doctrine of
God, volume I of Dogmatics,
translated by Olive Wyon (Philadelphia:
Westminster Press, 1950), p.176. |
[20] |
H.P. Owen,
Concepts of Deity (London:
Macmillan, 1971), p.35. |
[21] |
Karl Barth,
The Epistle to the Romans,
translated from the 6th ed. by
Edwyn C. Hoskyns (Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 1933), pp.99,
330-331. |
[22] |
Barth, The
Epistle to the Romans, p.10. |
[23] |
John Macquarrie,
"Deus Absconditus,"
in Alan Richardson and John Bowden,
ed., The Westminster Dictionary
of Christian Theology (Philadelphia:
Westminster Press, 1983), p.155. |
[24] |
Owen, Concepts
of Deity, pp.36-37. |
[25] |
Reinhold
Niebuhr, An Interpretation
of Christian Ethics (New
York: Seabury Press, 1935, reprinted
in 1979), pp.71-72. |
[26] |
Niebuhr,
An Interpretation of Christian
Ethics, pp.72-73. |
[27] |
Niebuhr,
An Interpretation of Christian
Ethics, p.134. |
[28] |
Niebuhr,
An Interpretation of Christian
Ethics, pp.76-80. |
[29] |
Niebuhr,
An Interpretation of Christian
Ethics, pp.82-83. |
[30] |
Weinandy
¦b³o¤è±¸ÑÄÀ±o¯S§Oºën¡A¨£Thomas G. Weinandy,
Does God Suffer? (Notre
Dame: University of Notre Dame
Press, 2000), pp.83-112. |
[31] |
§â¤W«Òªº¶W¶V»P¤Hªº©w¬Û´£¨Ã½×¡A¨Ã«Dµ§ªÌ¤§º³Ð¡A°Ñ
Edward Farley, The Transcendence
of God: A Study in Contemporary
Philosophical Theology (London:
Epworth Press, 1958), pp.193-202¡A¦ýµ§ªÌªºªí¹F¤è¦¡«o»PFarley¬Û²§¡]¦ý«o«D§¹¥þªº¬Û²§¡^¡C |
[32] |
°ÑùªÃ²»¡A¡q¤H¥ÍÆ[¡G°ò·þ±ÐÆ[ÂI¡r¦¬©ó¦ó¥úº¥D½s¡A¡m¹ï¸Ü¡G¾§ÄÀ¹D»P°ò·þ±Ð¡n¡AªÀ·|¬ì¾Ç¤åÄm¥Xª©ªÀ¡A¥_¨Ê¡A1998¡A²Ä482¡ã486¶¡C |
[33] |
¦b·í¥N¯«¾Ç¤¤¹ï³o¨â©v¸o°Q½×¸û¸ÔºÉªº¥i¥H¨£Karl
Barth, Church Dogmatics,
Volume IV, The Doctrine of
Reconciliation, Part 1, trans.
G. W. Bromiley (Edinburgh: T.
& T. Clark, 1956), pp.413-467;
Karl Barth, Church Dogmatics,
Volume IV, The Doctrine of
Reconciliation, Part 2, trans.
G. W. Bromiley (Edinburgh: T.
& T. Clark, 1958), pp.403-478. |
[34] |
°ÑG.C. Berkouwer,
Studies in Dogmatics: The
Providence of God (Grand
Rapids: Eerdmans, 1952). |
[35] |
§B§J¤Ò¡]Louis
Berkhof¡^¦b¨ä¡m¨t²Î¯«¾Ç¡n¤¤³o¼Ë¸ÑÄÀ³o±Ð¸q¡G¡§§ÚÌ¥²¶·°¨¤Wª`·N³o±Ð¸q¥]¬A¤F¥H¤U¨âÂI¡G1¡B¦ÛµM¯à¤O¨Ã¤£®É¥ú¾aµÛ¦Û¤v¤º¦bªº¯à¤O¨Ó¦æ¨Æ¡A¬Û¤Ï¡A¯«¦b³Q³yª«ªº¥ô¦ó¤@Á|¤@°Ê¤¤³£ª½±µ¤u§@¡C¬°¤Fn¹ï§Ü¦ÛµM¯«½×ªº½×ÂI¡A§ÚÌ¥²¶·°í«ù³o¬Ýªk¡C2¡B¦¸¦]¡]second
cause¡^¬O¯u¹ê¦³¨ä¨Æªº¡A§Ṳ́d¸U¤£¥i§â¤Æ¸Ñ¦¨¯«ªº¤u§@ªº¯à¤O¦Ó¤w¡C°²Y¦¸¦]¤£¬O¯u¹ê¦³¨ä¨Æ¡A§ÚÌ«K¤£¯à¥¿·í¦a»¡¦¸¦]»Pªì¦]¡]first
cause¡^¬O¦P®É¹B§@¤Î¤¬¬Û¦X§@ªº¤F¡C¬°¤Fn¹ï§Üªx¯«½×©Ò»¡¯«¬O¥@¤W°ß¤@ªº¤u§@ªÌ³o½×½Õ¡A§ÚÌ¥²¶·n±j½Õ³o½×ÂI¡C¡¨Louis
Berkhof, Systematic Theology
(Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1969),
pp.171-172; µ§ªÌ¤¤Ä¶¡C |
[36] |
¼Bz¥ý¡A¡q·í¥N·s¾§®a¥i¦V°ò·þ±Ð¾Ç¨Ç¬Æ»ò¡r¡m¤j³°»P®ü¥~¡n¡A¤¹±á¤å¤Æ¡A¥x¥_¡A1989¡A²Ä260¶¡F¡§½×©v±Ðªº¶W¶V©M¤º¦b¡¨¡m21¥@¬ö¡n¡A1998¦~12¤ë¸¹¡A²Ä106¶¡C |
[37] |
¤W«ÒªºÁ{¦b©Î¦P¦b¨Ã¤£µ¥¦P©ó¤W«Òªº¤º¦b¡A¸Ô¨£¤U¤åªº¤U¤@¤j¬q¡C |
[38] |
¤W«ÒªºÁ{¦b»P¤W«Òªº¶W¶V¤£³æ¨S¦³¥Ù¬Þ½Ä¬ð¡A¦Ó¥B¬O¬Û»²¬Û¦¨¡A¬Û±o¯q¹ü¡C
°ÑWeinandy, Does God Suffer?¡FùªÃ²»¡A¡q¤W«Òªº¶W¶V»PÁ{¦b¢w¢w¯«¤H¤§»Ú»P¤Ñ¤HÃö«Y¡r¡A¦¬©ó¦ó¥úº¥D½s¡A¡m¹ï¸Ü¡G¾§ÄÀ¹D»P°ò·þ±ÐÄò¶°¡n¡AªÀ·|¬ì¾Ç¤åÄm¥Xª©ªÀ¡A¥_¨Ê¡A2001¡C |
[39] |
©ó½g´T¡Aµ§ªÌ»P¥»¤åµLªk¤Þ¸g¾Ú¨å¸ÔºÉ¤ÀªR·í¥N®ü¥~·s¾§®aªº©v±Ð«ä·Q¡A¸Ô¨£Ã¹ªÃ²»¡A¡q¤W«Òªº¶W¶V»PÁ{¦b¢w¢w¯«¤H¤§»Ú»P¤Ñ¤HÃö«Y¡r¡C |
[40] |
¾|¹D¤Ò¡P¶ø¦«µÛ¡A¡m½×¡§¯«¸t¡¨¡n¡A¥|¤t¤H¥Á¥Xª©ªÀ¡A¦¨³£¡A1995¦~¡A²Ä31¡A33¶¡Cð§g¼Ý»P¦È©v¤T¦h¦¸¹Á¸Õ½×ÃÒ¬°¦ó³o¤Ñ¬O¤@Ó¶W¶Vªº¤Ñ¡A¦ý³o¨Ç½×ÃÒ³»¦h¥u¯à¤ä«ù¡§¤Ñ¬O¶W¶V©ó§Ú¤@¤vªº¤Ñ¡¨³o·L®z½×ÂI¡A¦Ó¤£¯à¤ä«ù¡§¤Ñ¬O¶W¶V©ó¥þ¤HÃþ¡¨³o§ó±j½×ÂI¡C´«¨¥¤§¡A·íð§g¼Ý»P¦È©v¤T°í«ù¾§®aªº¤Ñ¬O¤@¡§¶W¶VªÌ¡¨®É¡A³oÓ·N¸qªº¡§¶W¶VªÌ¡¨»PµS¤Ó±Ð¡B°ò·þ±Ð©Ò¨¥ªº¶W¶Vªº¤W«Ò¡A¤Î¥ì´µÄõ±Ð©Ò¨¥ªº¶W¶Vªº¦w©Ô¡A®Ú¥»¬O«D±`¤£¦P·N¸qªº¡§¶W¶V¡¨¡C¥Ñ©ó³oÓ¡§¶W¶V¡¨ªºª[¸q¡A§Ṳ́£À³¸Ó§â¾§®aªº¤Ñ»P¤W«Ò¤Î¦w©Ô¬Û´£¨Ã½×¡C©Ò¥H¡A·íð§g¼Ý»P¦È©v¤T§@¥X¡§¬J¶W¶V¤S¤º¦b¡¨¤Î¡§¥u¶W¶V¦Ó¤£¤º¦b¡¨³o§P±Ð®É¡A¥Ñ©ó¤å¦rªºÄY«ª[¸q¡A³o§P±Ð¤]¯Ê¥F·N¸q¡C¦³¨Ç¾ÇªÌ»{¬°·s¾§®a°í«ù¤Ñ¬O¬J¶W¶V¤S¤º¦b³o½×ÂI¬O¦Û¬Û¥Ù¬Þªº¡F¤ÑY¬O¤º¦b©ó¤H¡]¤Ñªº¦s¦³»P¤H¤ß©Êªº¦s¦³¬O¦P¤@¦s¦³¡^¡A¤Ñ«K¤£¥i¯à¶W¶V©ó¤H¡]¤Ñªº¦s¦³¬O¿W¥ß©ó¤H¤ß©Êªº¦s¦³¡^¡C´N°ò·þ±Ð¯«¾Çªº¥j¨å¤W«ÒÆ[¦Ó¨¥¡A¦P®ÉªÖ©w¤W«Òªº¶W¶V©ó¤H¤ÎÁ{¦b©ó¤H«o¨Ã«D¦Û¬Û¥Ù¬Þªº¡A¦]¬°¤W«ÒªºÁ{¦b©ó¤H¥u¬O·N¿×¤W«Ò»P¤H¦³¿Ë±K±µÄ²¡A¦ý¨Ã¤£·N¿×¤W«Òªº¦s¦³¬Oµ¥¦P©ó¤Hªº¦s¦³©Î¥]¬A¤F¤Hªº¦s¦³¡C |
[41] |
ð§g¼Ý¡A¡m¤¤°ê¤å¤Æªººë¯«»ùÈ¡n¡A¥¿¤¤®Ñ§½¡A¥x¥_¡A1953¡A²Ä338¶¡F¼Bz¥ý¡A¡§½×©v±Ðªº¶W¶V©M¤º¦b¡¨¡A1998¡A²Ä
106¶¡C |
[42] |
¦È©v¤T¡A¡m¤¤°êõ¾Çªº¯S½è¡n¡A¤H¥Í¥Xª©ªÀ¡A»´ä¡A²Ä
38¶¡C |
[43] |
¦È©v¤T¡A¡m¤¤°êõ¾Çªº¯S½è¡n¡A²Ä98¶¡C |
[44] |
¦È©v¤T¡A¡m¤ßÅé»P©ÊÅé¡n¡A¥¿¤¤®Ñ§½¡A¥x¥_¡A²Ä6¶¡C |
[45] |
§ùºû©ú¡A¡q§º©ú¾§¾Çªº©v±Ð©Ê©M¤H»ÚÃö«Y¡r¡A¦¬©ó¤óµÛ¡m¾§®a«ä·Q¡G¥H³Ð³yÂà¤Æ¬°¦Û§Ú»{¦P¡n¡AªF¤j¡A¥x¥_¡A1997¡A²Ä
149¶¡C |
[46] |
§ùºû©ú¡A¡q§º©ú¾§¾Çªº©v±Ð©Ê©M¤H»ÚÃö«Y¡r¡A²Ä105¶¡C |
[47] |
§ùºû©ú¡A¡q§º©ú¾§¾Çªº©v±Ð©Ê©M¤H»ÚÃö«Y¡r¡A²Ä140¡A141¡A142¶¡C |
[48] |
¨Ò¦pÁÂ¥ò©ú«K§â¤Ñ¤H¤@Å黡©ÒIJ[ªº¤H½×²M·¡³¯z¥X¨Ó¡G¡§¤H³QªÖ©w¬°¤@¼ç¦bªºµL¦s¦³¡]¦Ü°ªµL¤Wªº¦s¦³¡^¡¨¡C¨£ÁÂ¥ò©ú¡A¡m¾§¾Ç»P²{¥N¥@¬É¡n¡A¾Ç¥Í®Ñ§½¡A¥x¥_¡A1986¡A²Ä100¶¡C |
[49] |
President's
Commission, Splicing Life,
p.59. |
[50] |
Paul Ramsey,
Fabricated Man, p.138. |
[51] |
Paul Ramsey,
Fabricated Man, p.142. |
[52] |
Paul Ramsey,
Fabricated Man, p.143. |
[53] |
Allen Verhey,
"'Playing God' and Invoking
a Perspective," The Journal
of Medicine and Philosophy,
vol.20, no.4, (1995): 348. |
[54] |
Verhey,
"'Playing God' and Invoking
a Perspective," p.357. |
[55] |
¨£James F.
Childress, "Metaphor and
Analogy," in Reich ed., Encyclopedia
of Bioethics, p.1769. |
[56] |
David F.
Noble, The Religion of Technology:
The Divinity of Man and the Spirit
of Invention (New York: Alfred
A. Knoff, 1997), pp.68-100. ¬ü°ê´¶ªL´µ¹y¤j¾Ç¥Íª«¾Ç±Ð±ÂLee
Silver¦b¨ä·sµÛ¤¤¡A®Ñ¦W§óºX¼mÂA©ú¦aÃD¬°¡m««Ø¥ì¨l¶é¡n:
Lee Silver, Remaking Eden:
Cloning and Beyond in a Brave
New World (New York: Avon
Books, 1997). ¥xÆWªº¤¤Ä¶¥»®Ñ¦W«o¥h°£¤Fì®Ñ¦Wªº©v±Ð¦â±m¡G§õ¡P§Æº¸¦òµÛ¡A§õ¤d¼Ý¡B²ø¦w¸RĶ¡A¡m½Æ»s¤§Á¼¡G©Ê¡B¿ò¶Ç©M°ò¦]¦A³y¡n¡A®É³ø¤å¤Æ¡A¥x¥_¡A1997¡C |
[57] |
Mary Midgley,
Science as Salvation: A Modern
Myth and Its Meaning (London:
Routledge, 1992), ¤×¨ä¬O²Ä5³¹¡C |
[58] |
¡§¨È·í©Ò¥Çªº¸o¿UµÛ¤F¯«¹ï¥þ¤HÃþªº¾_«ã¤õµK¡A¥i¨£³o¸oªº©Ê½è¤£¬O¤@©v»´·Lªº¹L¥¢¡A¤D¬O¤@©vÄY«¦Ó¥i´cªº¸o¦æ¡A¥HP¾D¨ü³o»ò³o»òÄY¼FªºÃg»@¡C¤@¯ë¤H¹ï©ñÁa¹¼¤ªº·N¨£«D±`¥®¸X¡A§Ï©»¤@¤Á¹D¼w³£¦b©ó¸T¦Y¬Y¤@ºØªG¹ê¡A¡K¡K©Ò¥H§ÚÌ¥²¶·¦A¶i¤@¨BÆ[¹î¡A¦]¬°¸T¤î¦Y¤À§Oµ½´c¾ðªºªG¤l¡A¤£¹L¬OªA±qªº´úÅç¡A¬Ý¨È·í¬O¤£¬OÄ@·NªA±q¤W«Òªº¬ù§ô¡C³o§h©Jªº¥Øªº¡A¥Ñ¾ðªº¦WºÙ¤]ªí¥Ü¥X¨Ó¤F¡A¤D¬O¥s¥Lº¡¨¬²{ª¬¡A¤£n¦A¦]¦n¤j³ß°ª¦Ó¥Ç¸o¡C¡K¡K¶ø¥j´µ¤B»{¬°Åº¶Æ¬O¸U´c¤§ºªº³o¨£¸Ñ¬O«Ü¹ïªº¡A¦]¬°¤HY¤£¦]³¥¤ß¦ÓÁx¤j¦k¬°¡AºÉ¥i¥HÄ~Äò«O«ù¥Lì¨Óªº¦a¦ì¡C¡K¡K¤H¤´µM¤£¥H³Q«ö·Ó¤W«Òªº§Î¶H©Ò³y¬°º¡¨¬¡AÁÙ·Qn»P¥L¥µ¥¡A³o¬O³Ì¤jªº¤£·q¡C¡¨
¬ù¿«¡P¥[º¸¤åµÛ¡A®}¼yÅAĶ¡A¡m°ò·þ±Ðn¸q¡n¡A¤W¥U¡A»´ä¡A°ò·þ±Ð¤åÃÀ¥Xª©ªÀ¡A1955¦~¡A¶155-156¡C |
[59] |
¦pSilver,
Remaking Eden, pp.233-235. |
[60] |
´£¥X³oºØ¹w´úªº¾ÇªÌ«Ü¦h¡Aµ§ªÌ³Ì¦©Ò¨£ªº¬O¡m¤½¤¸¤G¤d¦~¤jÁͶաn(John
Naisbitt and Patricia Aburdene,
Megatrends 2000: Ten Directions
for the 1990's (New York:
William Morrow, 1990), pp.241-269. |
[61] |
LeRoy Walters,
"Human Genetic Intervention
and the Theologians: Cosmic Theology
and Casuistic Analysis,"
in Lisa Sowle Cahill and James
F. Childress, ed., Christian Ethics:
Problems and Prospects (Cleveland:
Pilgrim Press, 1996), p.243; James
J. Walter, "Theological Issues
in Genetics," Theological
Studies 60(1999): 125. |
[62] |
¡m¼C¹´ÂåÀøÛ²z¾Ç©u¥Z¡n©ó2000¦~¦³¤@´Á¥DÃD°Q½×³o¤è±ªº°ÝÃD¡A¨£Cambridge
Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics
9:3 (2000): 299-380. |
[63] |
John Passmore,
The Perfectibility of Man
(New York: Charles Scribner's
Sons, 1970), pp.186-89; Noble,
The Religion of Technology,
pp.172-200. |
[64] |
Noble, The
Religion of Technology, p.187;
Ramsey, Fabricated Man,
pp.144, 152, 159-60. ©ó1939¦~²Ä7©¡°ê»Ú¿ò¶Ç¾Ç·|ij¤¤¡AMuller»P¨ä¥L22¦ì³Ç¥Xªº¿ò¶Ç¾ÇªÌµoªí¤F¤@½g«á¨Ó³QºÙ¬°¡m¿ò¶Ç¾ÇªÌ«Å¨¥¡nªº¥ß³õ®Ñ¡A©óµ²½×³¡¤À¥LÌ»¡¡G"A
more widespread understanding
of biological principles will
bring with it the realization
that much more than the prevention
of genetic deterioration is to
be sought for, and that the raising
of the level of the average of
the population nearly to that
of the highest now existing in
isolated individuals, in regard
to physical well-being, intelligence
and temperamental qualities, is
an achievement that would ¡V so
far as purely genetic considerations
are concerned -- be physically
possible within a comparatively
small number of generations. Thus
everyone might look upon ¡¥genius¡¦,
combined of course with stability,
as his birthright. " ©ó¥þ¤åªº³Ì«á¤@¥y¥Ļó¼ÖÆ[¦a¹w¨¥¤Hªº¦Û§Ú¬@±Ï¡G"and
all steps along the way will represent
a gain, not only for the possibilities
of the ultimate genetic improvement
of man, to a degree seldom dreamed
of hitherto, but at the same time,
more directly, for human mastery
over those more immediatel evils
which are so threatening our modern
civilization. " "Social
Biology and Population Improvement,
" Nature, volume
144, no. 3646 (September 16, 1939):
522. °ÑLeRoy Walters and Julie
Gage Palmer, The Ethics of
Human Gene Therapy (New York:
Oxford University Press, 1997),
pp.108-109. |
[65] |
Passmore,
The Perfectibility of Man,
p.187. |
[66] |
¡§Man as
manipulator is too much of a god;
as object, too much of a machine.¡¨
Âà¤Þ¦ÛRamsey, Fabricated Man,
p.103. |
[67] |
Noble, The
Religion of Technology, p.200. |
[68] |
³oºØÀu¥Í¥H¿²§¹¬üªº«ä·QÁö¥¼¦¨¬°·í¤µªÀ·|ªº¥D¬y¡A¦ýªº½T¦s¦b¡A°ÑGlenn
McGee, The Perfect Baby: A
Pragmatic Approach to Genetics
(Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield,
1997), pp.29-30¡F¦b¤¬Ápºôªº¥@¬É§ó®e©ö§ä¨ì¥¦ªºÂܼv¡]¦pwww.eugenics.net¡^¡C |
[69] |
¦pGilbert
Meilaender, Bioethics: A Primer
for Christians (Grand Rapids:
Eerdmans, 1996), p.42. |
[70] |
Silver,
Remaking Eden, pp.237-238. |
[71] |
Silver,
Remaking Eden, p.4. ¦]¦¹¡A§Æº¸¦ò¹w¨¥¡A
¡§¦bµu´Á¤º¡A¤j³¡¤Àªº°ò¦]¼W±j±N¦h¥b¸¨¹ê¦b¤ñ¸û¹ê»Úªº¥Î³~¤W¡F¥ḺN³Q¥Î¨ÓªvÀøP©Rªº¿ò¶Ç©Ê¯e¯f¡A©Î»´·L§ïµ½¬Y¨ÇÅé¯à¤Î´¼¯à¡C¥i¬O¦b¥¼¨Ó¨âÓ¥@¬ö¤¤¡A¦U¦¡¦U¼Ëªº·s°ò¦]¡A±N¥H·¥°ªªº³t«×ÂX¥R¤HÃþªº°ò¦]²Õ¡A¡K.¹ï©ó¨º¨Ç¦³ÁʶR¯à¤Oªº¤÷¥À¨Ó»¡¡A¥H«e·Q¹³¤£¨ìªº°ò¦]ÂX¥R¡A¦b¥¼¨Ó±N·|¬O¤£¥i©Î¯Ê¡C¡¨¨£Silver,
Remaking Eden, pp.238-239,µ§ªÌ¤¤Ä¶¡C |
[72] |
Silver,
Remaking Eden, pp.4-7,
246. |
[73] |
Silver,
Remaking Eden, p.249. |
[74] |
Silver,
Remaking Eden, p.250. |
[75] |
§Æº¸¦ò§ó¤Þ¥Î¸t¸g³Ð¥@°O3³¹5¸`¡A·t¥Ü¤H±N·|¶i¤Æ¬°¤W«Ò¡CSilver,
Remaking Eden, p.197. |
[76] |
William
Day, Genesis on Planet Earth:
The Search for Life¡¦s Beginning
(East Lansing, Michigan: House
of Talos, 1979), pp.390-392. |
[77] |
Mary Midgley,
Evolution as a Religion: Strange
Hopes and Strange Fears (London:
Methuen, 1985), pp.51-52, 57-58. |
[78] |
Thomas H.
Murray, The Worth of a Child
(Berkeley and Los Angeles: University
of California Press, 1996), pp.115-141;
Chadwick, Ethics, Reproduction
and Genetic Control, pp.93-135;
McGee, The Perfect Baby,
pp.26-31. |
[79] |
Chadwick,
Ethics, Reproduction and Genetic
Control, p.97. |
[80] |
Robert H.
Blank, Regulating Reproduction
(New York: Columbia University
Press, 1990), pp.60-61. |
[81] |
°ÑSilver,
Remaking Eden, pp.160-161;
www.eugenics.net/papers/eb3.html¡C¥Ñ©ó¸Ó¥Í´Þ¿ï¾Ü®wªº¦ÑÁóRobert
K. Graham©ó1997¦~¯f³u¡A¸Ó¥Í´Þ¿ï¾Ü®w¤]ÀH¤§Ãöªù¡C¦ý¨ä¥L¡§¤Ñ¤~ºë¤l®w¡¨ªº¸ê®Æ¡A¦b¤¬Ápºô¤W«Ü®e©ö«K¥i§ä¨ì¡]°Ñwww.geniusspermbank.com¡^¡C |
[82] |
John A.
Robertson, Children of Choice:
Freedom and the New Reproductive
Technologies (New Jersey:
Princeton University Press, 1994). |
[83] |
¦b¦¹¤§«e¡A¦w¼Ö¦º©ó²üÄõ¬O¥b¦Xªkªº¡]¥Çªk¡A¦ý¤£¤©°_¶D¡^¡C¦w¼Ö¦º©ó¥þ¬ü°ê¬Ò¤£¦Xªk¡A¦ýÂå¥Í¨ó§U¯f¤H¦Û±þ«h©ó¶ø§Q±^¤@¦{¬°¦Xªk¡C |
[84] |
John Griffiths
et al., Euthanasia & Law in
the Netherlands (Amsterdam:
Amsterdam University Press, 1998),
pp.329-40. |
[85] |
¨£²ö¨¥¡A¡m²ö¨¥¤å¶°1¡G¬õ°ª±ç¡n¡A§@®a¥Xª©ªÀ¡A¥_¨Ê¡A1995¡A²Ä35¶¡C |
[86] |
Karl Barth,
Church Dogmatics, vol.
III, The Doctrine of Creation,
Part 4, ed. G.W. Bromiley and
T.F. Torrance (Edinburgh: T&T
Clark, 1961), p.412. |
[87] |
·í¥NÃÙ¦¨¦ÛÄ@¦w¼Ö¦º¤ÎÂå¥Í¨ó§U¯f¤H¦Û±þªº²³¦h½×ÃÒ¤¤¡A¨ä¤¤¤§¤@¬O¦Û¥D¡]autonomy¡^ªº½×ÃÒ¡F¦³¾ÇªÌ¬Æ¦Ü±N¤Hªº¥Í¦º¦Û¨MÅv«Ø¥ß¦b¤H¹ï¦Û¤v¥Í©Rªº¥DÅv¡]sovereignty¡^¤W¡C¦ý³o©úÅã¬O»P°ò·þ©v±Ðªº¥Í©RÆ[¡]¥DÅv¦b¯«¡AªvÅv¦b¤H¡^½Ä¬ð¡A¥i³Qµø¬°¤@Ó·m¹Ü¤W«Ò¥DÅvªº¦æ¬°¡]°ÑBarth¡AChurch
Dogmatics, III/4, pp.403-404¡^¡F´«¨¥¤§¡A³o¤]¬O§êºt¤W«Ò¡C¦]¬°½g´T¦³¡A¤£¯à¦b¦¹½×¤åµo´§¡C |
[88] |
Lisa Sowle
Cahill, "'Playing God': Religious
Symbols in Public Places,"
The Journal of Medicine and
Philosophy, vol.20 no.4,
(1995): 345-346. |
[89] |
Erde, "Studies
in the Explanation of Issues in
Biomedical Ethics: (II) On 'On
Playing God,' etc."; Grey,
"Playing God," 1998. |
[90] |
±iø¯¡A¡q¤ò¿AªF¡§¤H·¥·NÃÑ¡¨ªº«ä·Q·½ÀY¡r¡A¡m©ú³ø¤ë¥Z¡n¡A1999¦~10¤ë¡A²Ä17¶¡C |
[91] |
¦ó¯®Îº¡A¡q¦A½Í¡m¼e®e¦a¬Ý«Ý§J¶©§Þ³N¡n¡r¡A¦¬©óªL¥½s¼¶¡A¡m§J¶©¾_¾Ù¡G½Æ»s¤@Ó§A¡AÅý§A»â¦^®a¡H¡n¡A¸gÀÙ¤é³ø¡A¥_¨Ê¡A1997¡A²Ä9-10¶¡C |
[92] |
´ö¤@¤¶¡A¡m¾§ÄÀ¹D»P¤º¦b¶W¶V°ÝÃD¡n¡A¦¿¦è¤H¥Á¥Xª©ªÀ¡A«n©÷¡A1991¡A²Ä11¡A50¶¡C |
[93] |
´ö¤@¤¶¡A¡m¾§ÄÀ¹D»P¤º¦b¶W¶V°ÝÃD¡n¡A²Ä4¡A36¡A50¶¡F¼Bz¥ý¡A¡q·í¥N·s¾§®a¥i¦V°ò·þ±Ð¾Ç¨Ç¬Æ»ò¡r¡A²Ä264¶¡C |
|
|
|
|
|
|