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¡@¡@¡§±Ò»X¤uµ{¡¨¡]The Enlightenment Project¡^³oÓ¤f¸¹³Ì¤Þ°_¤Hª`·N¡AÀ³¥Ñ^ÂǪº¯d¬üõ¾Ç®a³Áª÷¤Óº¸¡]Alasdair
MacIntyre¡^©ó¨äµÛ¦W¡m¬ü¼w¥H«á¡n¡]¤]¥iĶ§@¡m°lÀH¬ü¼w¡n¡^©Ò´£¥Xªº¡A¥þºÙÀ³¬O¡§´À¹D¼w´£¨Ñ¾ÌÂǪº±Ò»X¤uµ{¡¨¡]the
Enlightenment Project of Justifying Morality¡F¥»®Ñ²Ä¥|¤Î²Ä¤³¹¼ÐÃD¬Ò¦³¦¹»y¡^¡C³Á¤ó»{¬°¡A¦è¤è±Ò»X®É´Áªº«Ü¦hõ¾Ç®a¡]¥L¯S§O¤Þ¥ðÂÓ¡B¨f¼wù¤Î±d¼w¬°¨Ò»¡©ú¡^¡A³£¹Á¸Õ¬°¹D¼w´£¨Ñ¤@Ó°ò©ó²z©Êªº¨Ì¾Ú¡]rational
justification or vindication¡^¡A¨Ï¬Y¨Ç¹D¼wì«h¦¨¬°©ñ¤§¥|®ü¦Ó¬Ò·Ç¡AÀ³¦@¦P¿í¦uªº¹D¼wª÷¬ì¥É«ß¡C¥L̪º½×ÃҤ覡³q±`¬O±q¤H©Ê½×¶}©l¡A¥ý½×ÃÒ¦b¤H©Ê¤¤¦³¬Y¨Ç¤Ñ½á¯S¼x¡A¬O¤H¬Ò¦³¤§¡AµM«á½×ÃÒ¬°¦ó¦³¦¹¤Ñ½á¯S¼xªº¤H¡A¥²µM·|±µ¨ü¬Y¹D¼wì«h¡]MacIntyre¡A1981:
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Enlightenment Project¡A¦Ó¤£¬O an Enlightenment project¡^¡C ´N©v±Ð»P¹D¼w¤§Ãö«Y³o½ÒÃD¨Ó»¡¡A³Á¤ó©Ò¤Þ¥Îªº¤TÓõ¾Ç®a¡]¥ðÂÓ¡B¨f¼wù¡B±d¼w¡^³£¬OÄÝ©ó¿E¶i¬£¡A¦Ó±Ò»X¹B°Ê¤¤´N³oijÃD¦ÓÄÝ©ó·Å©M¬£ªº¡AÓý¤£¨üª`·N¡C¦]¦¹¡A¦³¨Ç±Mªù¬ã¨sªñ¥N¦è¤èÛ²z¾Ç¥vªº¾ÇªÌ¡A¦p¬ü°êªºJ.
B. Schneewind¡A«K»{¬°³Á¤ó¨Ã¨S¦³·Ç½T´x´¤±Ò»X¹B°Ê¤¤¹ï©v±Ð»P¹D¼wªºÃö«Yªº½ÆÂø¦h¤¸µø³¥¡]Schneewind,
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¡@¡@«ö·ÓSchneewind ªº¬ã¨s¡A±Ò»X¹B°Êªº°Ñ»PªÌ¨Ã«D¤@¶}©l´N¦Ûın¥H²z©Ê¨ú¥N«H¥õ¡A¬°¹D¼w¥t³V¾ÌÂǬ°¨Ì¾Ú¡C©ó17¥@¬öªì¡A¼Ú¬w¦]¬°ªÀ·|¤Î¤å¤Æªº¿E¯PÅܾE¡A¦Ó±Á{¤@Ó¹D¼w¦M¾÷¡A¹D¼w¯´§Ç¥i¯à·|¤j³W¼Ò±Y¼ì¡A¦]¬°²Ä¤@¡B©v±Ð§ï²±a¨Ó¦ü¥GµL¥ð¤îªº¿E¯Pª§½×¡A¦Ó¤Î«áªº©v±Ð¢®`¤Î©v±Ð¾Ôª§§óÅã¥XY¤£¥h´M§ä¤@Ó¸ó±Ð¬£ªº¹D¼w¦@ÃÑ¡AªÀ·|¤Î¤å¤Æ¤]·|±Y¼ì¡C²Ä¤G¡B¦b¬Fªvµo®i¤W¡Aºë^¿Wµô¤Î¤¤¥¡¶°Åvªº²Îªv¤w¶}©l°Ê·n¡A¥Á¥D¦Ûªv¡B¬F©²Åv¤O¤À´²¤Î¨î¿Å¡B¬F©²«Ø¥ß©óªÀ·|«´¬ùµ¥«ä·Q¤w¤£Â_½¯©µ¡A©ó¬O¡A¦b¹D¼w¼w¤W¤]¦³¬Û¹ïÀ³ªº«ä¼é¡A¥D±i¤H¥i¥H´î§C¹ï¥~¤OªºÊ¾a¡A¦³§ó¤j¹D¼w¦Û¥Dªº¯à¤O¡C²Ä¤T¡B¦³Ãö¡§²§±Ð¡¨ªÀ·|¤å¤Æ¡]¦p¤¤°ê¡^ªº¸ê°T¶}©l³z¹L¶Ç±Ð¤h¡B°Ó¤H¡B¤Î±´ÀI®aªº³ø¾É¤j¶q¬y¤J¼Ú¬w¡Aµ¹¤H¤@ºØ¦L¶H´N¬OµL»Ý°ò·þ©v±Ð¡A¦³¨ÇªÀ·|¤å¤Æªº¹D¼w¥Í¬¡¤´¬O¥O¤H¥t²´¬Û¬Ý¡A©ó¬O±a¨Ó¹D¼w¬Û¹ï¥D¸qªº¦M¾÷¡]¹D¼w¬O¦]®É¤Î¦]¦a¦Ó²§¡A¨S¦³©ñ¤§¥|®ü¬Ò·Çªº¹D¼wì«h¡^¡C¦]¦¹¡A¦³¤H¶}©l«ä¦Ò¦b¦h¤¸ªº·«UI«á¡A¬O§_¤´¦³²Î¤@ªº¹D¼wì²z¡^¡C¬O§_¦³¦@³qªº¤H©Ê§@¬°³o¨Ç´¶¹Mªº¹D¼wì«h¤§°ò¦¡H¦]¦¹¡A±Ò»X¹B°Ê¹ï¹D¼wªº«·s«ä¦Ò¡A¨Ã¤£¯à²¤Æ¬°¤@ºØ±Ò»X¹B°Êªº¤º¦b°Ê¤O¡A§ó¤£¯à²¤Æ¬°¤@Ó²z©ÊÀ£Ë«H¥õ¡A¹D¼w¥@«U¤Æªº¹Lµ{¡]Schneewind,
1990:3, 19, 26, 1992:500¡Ð501, 1998:6¡Ð7¡^¡C
¡@¡@¨Æ¹ê¤W¡A°Ñ»P³oÓÛ²z¾Ç««Ø¤u§@ªº¤H¤¤¡A¤j³¡¤À¬O¦³¯«½×ªÌ¡]Yolton, 1995:4¡^¡A¦³¤£¤Ö¬Æ¦Ü¬O¯«Â¾¤Hû¡C©úÅ㪺¨Ò¤l¬O¡G»®°_»¹¡]Francis
Hutcheson, 1694¡Ð1746¡^¡A¥L¬Oªø¦Ñ·|ªºªª®v¡F©Þ¯S°Ç¡]Joseph Butler, 1692¡Ð1752¡^¡A¥L¬O¸t¤½·|¥D±Ð¡A¥B¹ï¦ÛµM¯«½×§ðÀ»¤£¿ò¾l¤O¡F²z¬d¡D»Z¨Ó¤h¡]Richard
Price, 1723¡Ð1791¡^¡A¬O«Âº¸´µ¤¤¦Û¥Ñ±Ð·|ªºªª®v¡F¦«°¨´µ¡D¾¤¼w¡]Thomas Reid, 1710¡Ð1796¡^¡A¬OĬ®æÄõªø¦Ñ·|ªª®v¡A¤]¬OĬ®æÄõ±Ò»X¹B°Êªº³Ð©l¤H¤§¤@¡C¥H¤W¥|¤HÁö«D¤j®v¯Å«ä·Q®a¡A¦ý¤]µ´«D¤£¨£¸g¶Çªº¤p¤Hª«¡]¥L̵ۧ@ªº¿ïĶ¥i¨£©ó©P»²¦¨½s¡A1987,
783¡Ð808, 808¡Ð835¡e¤W¥U¡f, 319¡Ð335, 336¡Ð352¡e¤U¥U¡f¡^¡C¥LÌ°Ñ»P¤F³oÓ¡§±Ò»X¤uµ{¡¨¡A¤]°ò©ó¯«¾Çªº¦Ò¼{¡GY¨S¦³©ñ¤§¥|®ü¦Ó¬Ò·Çªº¹D¼w³W½d¡A¦ó¥H¨£±o¤W«Ò¦b¥½¤é¹ï´c¤HªºÃg»@¬O°ò©ó¤½¥ªº¼f§P¡HY¨S¦³Å¥¹LºÖµªº¤H¤£·|»{ÃÑ¥¿½Tªº¹D¼w³W½d¡A¤S¦ó¥H¦b¥½¤é¤j¼f§P®Én¥L̬°¨ä¸o´ct³d¥ô¡H¡]Schneewind,
1992:500¡Ð501, 509¡^¦]¦¹¡A©Ò¿×¡§±Ò»X¤uµ{¡¨¤£¯à¤Æ¬ù¬°¹D¼w¥@«U¤Æªº¹Lµ{¡F¨S¿ù¡A±Ò»X®É´ÁªºÛ²z¾Ç®a³£±q¨Æ«·s¾ß°Q©v±Ð¡]¥]¬A±Ð·|¯«Â¾¤Hû¡^»P¹D¼wÃö«Yªº¤u§@¡A¶É¦VÅý¤H§êºt¸û¥D°Êªº¨¤¦â¡A¦ý¤£¤@©w±Æ¥¸¤W«Ò©Î§â¹D¼w§¹¥þ»P©v±Ð«H¥õ¤ÀÂ÷¡]Schneewind,
1998:8¡Ð9¡^¡C[7]
¡@¡@Schneewind Á`µ²¦è¤è17¦Ü18¥@¬öÛ²z¾Ç¤¤¦³¤T¤jijÃD¡G¡]1¡^¤@Ó§¹¬üªº¹D¼w¯´§Ç¬O·½©ó¬YºØ¤H¥H¥~ªº«ÈÆ[¯´§Ç©Î¨å½d¡HÁÙ¬O¤º¨ã©ó¤H©Ê¤§¤¤¡A¬O¤H©Êªº¦Û§Ú§e²{©Î¬yÅS¡H¡]2¡^¥¿½Tªº¹D¼w³W½d¡A¬O¥u¦³¤Ö¼Æªººë^¤~¥i±oª¾¡A¨ä¥L¤H¬O¨üºë^©Ò±Ð¾É¤~±oª¾¡HÁÙ¬O¤H¬Ò¦³¦P¼Ë¤Ñ½á¯à¤O¥i±oª¾¡H¡]3¡^¹D¼wnª¾¦æ¦X¤@¡A©Ò¥H°£¤F¦³¥¿½Tªº¹D¼wª¾ÃÑ¥~¡AÁÙn¦³¨¬°÷°Ê¾÷¥hÅX°Ê§Ų́Åé¤O¦æ¡A¨º»ò¬O§_¤j³¡¤À¤H³£·N§ÓÁ¡®z¡A»Ýn¥~¤O¨Ó±À°Ê¤~¯à§@¹D¼w¹ê½î¡HÁÙ¬O¦b¤Ñ½á¤H©Ê¤¤¡A¤H¬Ò¦P¼Ë¨ã¦³¨¬°÷ªº°Ê¤O¡AµL»ÝɧU¥~¤O«K¥i¦¨¼w¡H
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1990:18, 20, 26, 1992:506, 1998:4, 9¡Ð10¡^
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and Reeder, 1973¡^¦¬¦³½×¤å¤Q¤G½g¡A¥Dn¬O±q°ò·þ±ÐÛ²z¾Ç¤Î¤ÀªRõ¾Çªº¶i¸ô¥h¦h¤è±°Q½×©v±Ð»P¹D¼wª¾Ãѽתº°ÝÃD¡C¤G¤Q¦~«á¡A¦P¼Ë¨â¦ì½sªÌ¦A¥Xª©¥t¤@½×¤å¶°¡m¦@¦P¹D¼wªº«e´º¡n¡]Outka
and Reeder, 1993¡^¡A¥Dn¬O±qõ¾Ç¤Î°ò·þ±ÐÛ²z¾Ç¨¤«×¡AÅG½×¡§±Ò»X¨å½d¡¨ªº±o»P¥¢¡C³o¨â¥»½×¤å¶°ªº¦U¦ì§@ªÌ³£¬OÛ²z¾Ç¬É¦W®a¡A¦]¦¹²`¨ã¥Nªí©Ê¡C
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¡@¡@¦b¤@¯ë¹D¼w³W½dªº¼h¦¸¡A±q¸ó¤å¤Æ¤ñ¸û©v±ÐÛ²z¾Çªº¨¤«×¡A§Ṳ́£Ãøµo²{¦b«D°ò·þ©v±ÐªºÛ²z±Ð°V¤¤¡A¦³¤£¤Ö»P°ò·þ©v±ÐªºÛ²z±Ð¾É¬O·¥«×¬Û¦üªº¡C¦p¤Q»|ªº«á¤»|¡]¦b¥j¥N¦è¤è¯«¾Ç¤åÄm¤¤±`ºÙ¤§¬°¡§²Ä¤Gªkª©ªº»|©R¡¨¡^¡G¡§¤£¥i±þ¤H¡F¤£¥i«Á²]¡F¤£¥i°½µs¡F¤£¥i§@°²¨£ÃÒ³´®`¤H¡F¤£¥i³gÅʤHªº©Ð«Î¡A¤]¤£¥i³gÅʤHªº©d¤l¡B¹²±A¡B¤ûÆj¡A¨Ã¥L¤@¤Á©Ò¦³ªº¡¨¡]¥X¤G¤Q13¡Ð17¡^¡C³o«á¤»|»P¦L«×ì©l¦ò±Ðªº¤§Ù¤Î¤¤°ê¹D±Ðªº¤§Ù·¥¬°¬Û¦ü¡F«eªÌ¬°¡§¤£±þ¥Í¡B¤£°½µs¡B¤£¨¸²]¡B¤£¾K°s¡B¤£¦k»y¡¨¡A¦Ó«áªÌ¬°¡§¤£±o±þ¥Í¡B¤£±o¸§°s¡B¤£±o¤f¬O¤ß«D¡B¤£±o°½µs¡B¤£±o¨¸²]¡¨¡C¦Ü©óC¿q©óºÖµ®Ñ¤¤©Ò´£¥Xªº¡§ª÷«ß¡¨¡]¡§§AÌYn¤H«ç¼Ë«Ý§A¡A§A̤]n«ç¼Ë«Ý¤H¡¨¡^¡A¦b¤¤°ê¾§®aÛ²z«hºÙ¤§¬°¡§®¤¹D¡¨¡B¡§©¾®¤¤§¹D¡¨¡A©Î¡§¼ä¯x¤§¹D¡¨¡]¡§¤v©Ò¤£±ý¡A¤Å¬I©ó¤H¡¨¡^¡CÁöµMªí±¤W¦³¥¿±³¯z¤Ît±³¯z¤§¤£¦P¡A¦ý¤£¯à¦]¦¹¦Ó«pC¿q¦ÓÁ¡¤Õ¤l¡AºÙ«eªÌ¬°ª÷«ß¦Ó«áªÌ¬°»È«ß¡A
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¡@¡@´«¨¥¤§¡A¤@Ó¨S¦³°ò·þ«H¥õªº¤H¡A¤]¯à´x´¤¤Î±µ¨ü°ò·þ±ÐÛ²z¤¤¤@¨Ç«nªº¹D¼wì«h¤Îªk«h¡A¥i¨£³o¨Ç¹D¼w³W½d¬O©ñ¤§¥|®ü¦Ó¬Ò·Ç¡A¦b»{ª¾¤W¬O¿W¥ß©ó°ò·þ±Ð¤Î¨ä¥L©v±Ð«H¥õ¡C
¡@¡@¨Æ¹ê¤W¡A±qªÀ·|¬ì¾Çªº¨¤«×¡A¦³¤H¤]´£¥X¸ÑÄÀ¬°¦ó·|¦³³o¨Ç¸ó¤å¤Æ¤Î´¶¹Mªº¹D¼w³W½d¡C¤w¬G«¢¦ò¤j¾Çªº¤HÃþ¾Ç®a§Jù¤Õ¡]Clyde
Kluckhohn¡^«K¤Ï»é¹D¼w¬Û¹ï¥D¸q¡A«ü¥X¤£¦Pªº¥Á±Ú¤£³æ·|¦³Ãþ¦üªº¹D¼wªk«h¡A¦Ó¥B³o¤£¬O¤@Ó°¸µMªº¥©¦X¡C¥ô¦ó¤@Ó¥Á±Ú¡AYnºø©µ¤U¥h¡A¤@©wn¸T¤î¦Û¤v¤H¤¬¬Û´Ý±þ¡]¤£¥i±þ¤H¡^¡F¤@©wn¹ï¤Hªº©Ê¼¤¥[¥H³W¡A«O»Ù®a®xéw¡]¤£¥i«Á²]¡^¡F¤@©wn«O»Ù¨p¤H°]²£¡A§KP³g¼¤¾î¦æ¡AªÀ·|°Ê¶Ã¡]¤£¥i°½µs¡^¡F¤@©wn¯à¤¬¬Û«H¥ô¡A¤~¯à¦P¦à¦@ÀÙ¡]¤£¥i´ÛÄF¡^¡C¦]¦¹¡A¦b³oÓ¦a²y§ø¤¤¥i§ä¨ì¤@Ó©ñ¤§¥|®ü¦Ó¬Ò·Çªº¹D¼wªk«h¡Aì¦]µL¥L¡A¬O¥X©ó¦@¦PªºªÀ·|©Ê¤H©Ê¡A¥H¨DªÀ¸s¥Á±Úªº¥Í¦s¤Îºø©µ¡]°ÑKluckhohn,
1955:663¡Ð677¡^¡C[12]
¡@¡@¹ï©ó¦³³o¨Ç¿W¥ß©ó°ò·þ«H¥õ¡A¸ó¤å¤Æªº´¶¹M¹D¼w³W½d¤§¦s¦b¡A°ò·þ©v±Ðªº¯«¾Ç¨ä¹ê¬O¦¦³¸ÑÄÀªº¡A³o´N¬O¥Ñ¤¤¥@¬ö¦«°¨´µ¡Eªü«¶¨º¶°¨ä¤j¦¨ªº¦ÛµM¹D¼w«ß¾Ç»¡¡C²n¨Ó»¡¡Aªü¤ó¦b¡m¯«¾ÇÁ`½×¡n¤¤«ü¥X¤W«Ò³Ð³y¤Ñ¦a¸Uª«¡A¨ä¤¤¬J¦³¤sªe¤j¦aªºª«²z¦t©z¡A¤]¦³¤H¥@ªÀ·|¡C¦b¤sªe¤j¦a¤¤¤W«Ò¦w±Æ¤F¯´§Ç¡A¤H³z¹L²z©Ê«äºû¡]¥õÆ[¤Ñ¦a¡^¥iµo²{³o¯´§Ç¡A¨Ã±N¤§³¯z¬°©w«ß¡A³o¬O¨Æ¹êªº¦ÛµM©w«ß¡C¦b¤H¥@ªÀ·|¤¤¤W«Ò¤]¦w±Æ¤F¯´§Ç¡A¦P¼Ë¦a¤H¥i³z¹L²z©Ê«äºû¡]Á¹î¤H©Ê¡^¥hµo²{³o¯´§Ç¡A¨Ã±N¤§³¯z¬°©w«ß¡A³o¬O»ùȪº¹D¼w«ß¡C¦]¬°¤W«ÒªºÅ@²z¡A¤W«Òªº¯´§Ç¡]¥Ã«í©w«ß¡^¦b¤H¥@¤¤¬O¹üÅã©ó¤Hªº¡§¦ÛµM¶É¦V¡¨¡]Aquinas,
I¡ÐII, 91, 2c¡^¡F¤HÃþ¦³¤TÓ¼h¦¸ªº¦ÛµM¶É¦V¡]¥Íª«©Ê¡B°Êª«©Ê¡B²z©Ê¡^¡A«ü¦V¤TÓ¼h¦¸ªº¦ÛµM¥Øªº¡A³o¬O¦ÛµM¹D¼w«ßªº°ò¦¡]Aqunias,
I¡ÐII, 94, 2c¡^¡C¥Ñ©ó¦ÛµM¹D¼w«ß¬O¤À¨ü©Î¤Ï¬M¤F¥Ã«í©w«ß¡]Aquinas, I¡ÐII, 91, 2c¡^¡A¦Ó¤Hªº¦ÛµM¤§¥ú¡]²z©Ê¡^¤]¤À¨ü¤F¤W«Ò¤§¥ú¡]Aquinas,
I¡ÐII, 91, 2c¡^¡A¦Ó¥B²z©Êªº¹B§@©l²×n¨Ì¿à¤W«Ò³o²Ä¤@¦]¡A¤£¯à²æÂ÷¤W«Ò¦Ó¿W¥ß¹B§@¡]Aquinas,
I¡ÐII, 109, 2c¡^¡A¦]¦¹¤H¹ï¦ÛµM¹D¼w«ßªº»{ª¾¡AÁöµM¤£¬O«Ø¥ß¦b°ò·þ«H¥õ¤W¡]²§±Ð®{¤]¥i¥H¦³¯à¤O±o¨ì³o¨Ç¹D¼wª¾ÃÑ¡^¡A¦ý«o¬O¤W«Ò©Ò¦w±Æ¤Î®e³\ªº¡C¦]µÛ³oÓ¹ï²z¸Ñ¹D¼wªº¬[ºc¡A¦ÛµM¹D¼w«ß«K¯à¸ÑÄÀ¬°¦ó¦³¨Ç¹D¼wª¾ÃѬO¥i¥H»P©v±Ð«H¥õ¤ÀÂ÷¡Fªü¤ó¨Ã¥B©ú¨¥²Ä¤Gªkª©¤¤ªº»|©R¬ÒÄݦ۵M¹D¼w«ß¡]Aquinas,
I¡ÐII, 100, 1¡^¡A¤H¬Ò¥i±oª¾¡C
¡@¡@¦Ûªü¤ó¦Ü¦p¤µ¡A¤Ñ¥D±Ðªº¥D¬y¯«¾Ç©l²×¬O±µ¨ü¦ÛµM¹D¼w½×¡]Áö¤]¦³©Ò×¥¿¡^¡C¦b°ò·þ±Ð¤è±¡A°¨¤B¡E¸ô¼wÁöµM±Æ¥¸³oºØ¤Ñ¥D±Ðªº¹D¼w»y¨¥¡A¦ý¨Æ¹ê¤W¤]¦³Ãþ¦üªº«ä¦Ò¡C¨ì¤F¥[º¸¤å¡A¬°¤Fn¦³±ø²z¦a³¯z¥Lªº¯«¾Ç¡A¤]¤£±o¤w¹ï¦ÛµM¹D¼w«ß²z½×§@¥X³¡¤À¥¤Ï¡C¥[º¸¤å¥ç©Ó»{¦³¦ÛµM¹D¼w«ß¡A¥L§â¦ÛµM¹D¼w«ß©w¸q¬°¡§¨º¨Ï¤H¨¬¥H¤À¿ëµ½´cªº¨}¤ß¡¨¡]¥[º¸¤å,
II, 2, 22¡^¡C©Mªü«¶¨º¤@¼Ë¡A¥L»{¬°³o¹D¼w«ß¡§©M§Ú̱q¼¯¦èªº«ßªk©Ò¾Ç¨Óªº¡A¦h¤Ö¬O¤@¼Ëªº¡C¡¨¡]¥[º¸¤å,
II, 8, 1¡^¦ý¥[º¸¤å¨Ã¤£¹³ªü«¶¨º¤@¼Ë¡A§â¦ÛµM¹D¼w«ß«Ø°ò¦b§Ú̪º¦ÛµM¶É¦V¤§¤W¡A¥L¦ü¥G»{¬°¡A«O¦s¤½¥ÁªÀ·|³o©ú½Tªº´÷±æ¤~¬O¦ÛµM¹D¼w«ßªº«ÈÆ[°ò¦¡A¥L»¡¡G¡§¬J¬O¦X¸sªº°Êª«¡A¥Lªº¥»©Ê¤]¯à¦³§U«O¦sªÀ·|ªº¥»¯à¡A©Ò¥H§Ú̦b¦U¤Hªº«ä·Q¤¤¡A³£¥i¥H¬Ý¥X¹ï¥Á¬F©M¯´§ÇªºÆ[©À¡K¡K¤H¤¬ª§¦UºØªk«ßªºªøµu¡A§Y¬Oªí¥Ü¥LÌÃÙ¦P¤½¹Dªº¬YºØ³q«h¡K¡K¦ý¬Fªv¯´§ÇÆ[©ÀªººØ¤l¡A¤w¼»¦b¤@¯ë¤Hªº¤ßùØ¡A«o¬O½T¹êªº¨Æ¡A³o¨¬¥HÃÒ©ú¥ô¦ó¤Hªº¥»©Ê³£¤£¯Ê²z©Êªº«G¥ú¡C¡¨¡]¥[º¸¤å¡AII,
2, 13¡^¦Ó¥B¡A¥[º¸¤å§ó»{¬°¤Q»|¤¤²Ä¤Gªkª©ªº³W«h¡A¬O¨Ó¦Û¦P¤@´÷±æ¡C¡§¤HÁ`¬O¹ï²Ä¤Gªkª©ªº³W«h¦³¸û²M·¡ªº»{ÃÑ¡]¬Û¹ï©ó²Ä¤@ªkª©¡^¡A¦]¬°³o¬OÃö©ó¤H¨ÆªÀ·|ªº«O¦s¡C¡]¥[º¸¤å¡AII,
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¡@¡@¦]½g´T©Ò¡Aµ§ªÌ¦b³oùØ¥u¦CÁ|¤Ñ¥D±Ð¤Î°ò·þ±Ð¦U¤@¯«¾Ç®aªº¦ÛµM¹D¼w«ß¾Ç»¡¡Aȱoª`·Nªº¬O¡A³oºØ«äºû¤è¦¡¡A¨ä¹ê¬O°ò·þ±Ð¬ù¸t¸g¤¤ªº´¼¼z¤å¾Ç¡]¤×¨ä¬O¡m½e¨¥¡n¡^©ÒÅã¥Üªº¡C¬ùªº«ßªk®Ñ±j½Õ¹D¼w³W½d¬O¤W«Ò©Ò¹{§G¡A´¼¼z¤å¾Ç«o±j½Õ°µ¤H³B¥@¤]n¾a´¼¼z¡A¦Ó´¼¼z¬O³z¹LÆ[¹î¤j¦ÛµM¤Î¤Ï¬Ù§Ú̦æ°Êªº«áªG¨Ó»â®©¡C³oºØ¹D¼w«äºû¤è¦¡°£¤F¨£©ó´¼¼z¤å¾Ç¡A¤]´²¨£©ó¥ýª¾®Ñ¡]Áɤ@3,
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14¡Ð15¡^¡C[13]
¡@¡@¥H¤W¬O±q¤@¯ë¹D¼w³W½dªº¼h¦¸¨ÓÀË°Q¹D¼wª¾ÃѬO§_¥i¤ÀÂ÷©ó©v±Ð«H¥õ¡A¦Óµª®×¬OªÖ©wªº¡C¥H¤U«hn±q¨ãÅé¹D¼w§PÂ_ªº¼h¦¸§@¤Ï¬Ù¡C
¡@¡@¤@¯ë©Êªº¹D¼w³W½d¬O¾ã»ô¤Î¦³±ø²zªº¡A²{¹ê¥Í¬¡«o¬O¥Rº¡¥Ù¬Þ¤Î²V¶Ã¡C¤H¬Òª¾¹D¤£¥i±þ¤H¡A¦ý¦w¼Ö¦ºªº·O´d±þ¤H¤S¬O§_¤@©w¿ùªº¡H¤H¬Òª¾¹D¤£¥i«Á²]¡A¦ý¦b¤@Ô·¥¿¨¸¤£¨â¥ßªº¾Ôª§¤¤¡A¬°¤F±o¨ì¼Ä¤èx¨Æ±¡³ø¡A¥i§_¬I¥Î¬ü¤Hp¥H©Ê¸ì¸ï¼Ä¤è±N»â¬ªÅS¤Ñ¾÷¡H¤H¬Òª¾¹D¤£¥i°½µs¡A¦ýù»«º~¦¡ªº§T´IÀÙ³h¤S¬O§_¤£·í¡H¤H¬ÒÃÙ¦¨¦Û¥ÑÅÊ·R¡A¦ý¦P©ÊÅʤS¦p¦ó¡H½Ñ¦p¦¹Ãþªº°ÝÃD¡A¥i¥H¼h¥XµL½a¡C³oÅã¥Ü¤@¸¨¹ê¨ì¨ãÅ鱡¹Ò©Òn§@ªº¹D¼w§PÂ_¡A«KÃø´M³V¹D¼w¦@ÃÑ¡C
¡@¡@ °ò·þ±Ðªº¦ÛµM¹D¼w«ß²z½×¹ï³o²{¶H¤]¦³©Ò¸ÑÄÀ¡Cªü«¶¨º»{¬°¦b©â¶H¤Î¤@¯ë©Êªº¹D¼wì«h¤Îªk«h¼h¦¸¡A¤H¬Ò¦³¯à¤O´x´¤¥¿½Tªº¹D¼wª¾ÃÑ¡F¥i¬O¡A¦b¨ãÅ鱡¹Ò¤¤¡An¤U¨ãÅ骺¹D¼w§PÂ_®É¡A¤H¦]¬°¸o©Ê¤¤ªº¨¸±¡¨p¼¤¤Î´c²ß¡A·|ÄAˬO«D¡A§@¥X¿ù»~ªº§PÂ_¡]Aquinas,
I¡ÐII, 94, 4c¡^¡C¥L¨Ã¥B¤Þ¥Î·s¬ù¸t¸gù°¨®Ñ¤@³¹¤G¤Q¥|¸`¡A«ü¥X¤H¦]¬°¸o©Êªº½t¬G¦³®É·|§â¤@¨Ç¹H¤Ï¦ÛµMªº´c²ßµø¬°¥¿±`¡]Aquinas,
I¡ÐII, 94, 6c¡^¡C¥¿¦]¬°³o¼Ë¡A¤W«Òªº«ßªk¡]¸t¸g¤¤ªº±Ò¥Ü¡^¤´¬O¥²»Ý¡A¥u¾a¦ÛµM¹D¼w«ß¬O¤£¨¬°÷ªº¡]Aquinas,
I¡ÐII, 91, 4; 99, 2; 100, 11¡^¡C
¡@¡@¦P¼Ë¦a¡A¹ï©ó¹D¼wª¾ÃѽסA¥[º¸¤å¦ü¥G©ê«ù¤@¬Û·í§t½kªººA«×¡C¤@¤è±¡A¥L¦ü¥G»{¬°¤Hªº²z©Ê¦b¨S¦³À°§U¤U¡A³£¯à°÷»â®©¦ÛµM¹D¼w«ß¡]¡§«eªÌ¹½´cªk«ß¡A¤£¬O¦]¬°¥L̤£ª¾¹Dªk«ß¬O¯«¸t¦Ó¨}¦nªº¡A¤D¬O¨ü±¡·P¤õµKªº½Ä°Ê¦Ó¤½µM¤Ï¹ï²z©Ê¡¨
II, 2,13¡F«ÂI¬°µ§ªÌ©Ò¥[¡^¡C¥t¤@¤è±¡A¥L¦ü¥G¶É¦V»{¬°¦]¬°¸o¡A¤Hªº²z©Ê¦b¨S¦³À°§U¤U¡A¤£¯à²M·¡»â®©¦ÛµM¹D¼w«ß¡A¬°ªº¬Onµ¹±Ò¥Ü¯d¤U¦ì¸m¡]¡§¦]¬°¦ÛµM¹D¼w«ß¹L©ó¼Ò½k¡A©ó¬O©ú½Tªº¦¨¤å«ßªk³ê¿ô§Ú̪º«å´k¡A¨Ï§Ú̦b°O¾Ð¤W¦³§ó²`ªº¦L¶H¡K¡K¡¨II,
8, 1¡F«¸¹¬°µ§ªÌ©Ò¥[¡^¡C
¡@¡@©Ò¥H¡A¶Ç²Î°ò·þ±Ð¯«¾Ç°£¤FªÖ©w¦ÛµM¹D¼w«ßªº¦s¦b¥~¡A¤]¦P®ÉªÖ©w¸t¸g¤¤©Ò±Ò¥Üªº¹D¼w¯u²zªº¥²n©Ê¡F¸t¸g¤¤ªº¹D¼w«ß¥i¥H¸É¥R¡B¼á²M¡B¤ÎªÈ¥¿¦ÛµM¹D¼w«ß¡Cn¸É¥R¡A¬O¦]¬°¦³ªº¤H¨Ã¨S¦³Åé·|¥X¦t©z¤¤ªº¤@¤Á¹D¼w«ß¡Fn¼á²M¡A¬O¦]¬°¤H¹ï©ÒÅé»{¨ìªº¦ÛµM¹D¼w«ß¦³®É»{ÃѤ£°÷²`¨è¡FnªÈ¥¿¡A¦]¬°¤H¦³®É¹ï¦ÛµM¹D¼w«ßªº¨ãÅéÀ³¥Î·|¦³¿ù»~¡C[14]
¡@¡@¦^¨ì§ÚÌì¨Óªº°ÝÃD¡G¹D¼wª¾ÃѬO§_¥i»P©v±Ð«H¥õ¤ÀÂ÷¡H¥¿½Tªº©v±Ð«H¥õ¡A¬O§_¥¿½Tªº¹D¼wª¾ÃѪº¥²µM±ø¥ó¡Hµ§ªÌ»{¬°¡A¦b¤@¯ë¹D¼w³W½dªº¼h¦¸¡A¨âªÌ¬O¥i¥H¤ÀÂ÷¡F¦ý¬O¦b¨ãÅé¹D¼w§PÂ_ªº¼h¦¸¡A¨âªÌ«o¤£¥i¤À¡C±q©v±Ðªº¨¤«×¡A¤HÃþªº¹D¼w²z©ÊÁö¦³©Ò¯à¡A¦ý«o¦³©ú½T¨î¡C¦b¹D¼w»{ª¾¤W¤HÁö¦³¥D©Ê¡A¦ý¤´»Ý¤W«Òªº§ß§U¡C
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|
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¡m¤j¥¿·sפjÂøg¡n
¤¤§ø¤¸µÛ¡A¦¿¤ä¦aĶ¡A¡m·O´d¡n¡]¥x¥_¡GªF¤j¡A1997¡^¡C
¤ì§ø®õ½åµÛ¡A¼Ú¶§¼é¦sĶ¡A¡mì©l¦ò±Ð«ä·Q½×¡n¡]¥x¥_¡G°Ó°È¡A1968¡^¡C
¥[º¸¤åµÛ¡A®}¼yÅAĶ¡A¡m°ò·þ±Ðn¸q¡n¡A¤T¥U¡]»´ä¡G°ò·þ±Ð¤åÃÀ¡A1995¡^¡C
§õ¥ç¶éµÛ¡A¡m¤å¤Æ»P¦æ¬°¡n¡]¥x¥_¡G°Ó°È¡A1992¡^¡C
©P»²¦¨½s¡A¡m¦è¤èÛ²z¾Ç¦WµÛ¿ï¿è¡n¡A¤G¨÷¡]¥_¨Ê¡G°Ó°È¡A1987¡^¡C
±d¼wµÛ¡A¾G«OµØµ¥Ä¶¡A¡m±d¼w¤å¶°¡n¡]¥_¨Ê¡G§ï²¡A1997¡^¡C
±i¼á°ò¡A¡m¦ò¾Ç¤µ¸à¡n¡A¤U¥U¡]¥x¥_¡G¼z¬²¡A1983¡^¡C
³Áª÷¤Óº¸µÛ¡AÅǸs¡BÀ¹´¼Ýµ¥Ä¶¡A¡m¼w©Ê¤§«á¡n¡]¥_¨Ê¡G¤¤°êªÀ·|¬ì¾Ç¥Xª©ªÀ¡A1995¡^¡C
ùªÃ²»¡A¡m»{ÃÑÀ³¥Î±Ð¸q¾Ç¡n¡]¥x¥_¡G®Õ¶é¡A1991¡^¡C
ùªÃ²»¡A¡q±À¤v¤Î¤H¤§¹Dªº¹D¼w§@¥Î»P¨î¡r¡A¦¬©óÀNÃü±â½s¡A¡m¦w¨¥ß©R»PªF¦è¤å¤Æ¡n¡]»´ä¡Gªk¦í¡A1992¡^¡C |
|
[1] |
Hans Kˆ¢ng¦b³o¤è±ªº§V¤O¤×¨ä¦h¡A§ï²«Å¨¥¡A¥Xª©®ÑÄy¡A±À°Ê»ÚªÀ·|¹ï°ÝÃDªº«µø¡C |
[2] |
Áp¦X°ê±Ð¬ì¤å²Õ´¬O©ó¼Æ¦~«e¤~±À°Ê³o¤è±ªº¤Ï¬Ù¡A1998¦~¤»¤ëªìÁÙ¦b¥_¨Ê»P¤¤°êªÀ·|¬ì¾Ç°|¦@¦PÁ|¿ë¤@Ó¬ÛÃöªº¾Ç³N·|ij¡C¥u¤£¹L¡A¨ì¥Ø«e¬°¤î¡AÁÙ¨S¦³µoªí¥ô¦ó«Å¨¥©Î¤åÄm¡AHan
Kˆ¢ng¤]»P¥L̤À¹D´Åß¡C |
[3] |
§ùºû©ú©ó1997¦~¦b»´ä¬ì§Þ¤j¾Ç©Ò§@ªº¤½¶}ºtÁ¿¡A¬°¨È¬w»ùÈÆ[¡]¹ï¥L¦Ó¨¥¬Oµ¥¦P©ó¾§®a»ùÈÆ[¡^ÅGÅ@¡C |
[4] |
·s¥[©Y¦b¨ä¾Ç®Õ©Ò±À¦æªº¡§¦@¦P»ùÈÆ[¡¨¥]¬A¤²Õ®Ö¤ß»ùÈÆ[¡G¡]1¡^°ê®a¦Ü¤W¡AªÀ·|¬°¥ý¡F¡]2¡^®a®x¬°®Ú¡AªÀ·|¬°¥»¡F¡]3¡^ÃöÃh§ß§U¡A¦P¦à¦@ÀÙ¡F¡]4¡^¨D¦P¦s²§¡A¨ó°Ó¦@ÃÑ¡FºØ±Ú©M¿Ó¡A©v±Ð¼e®e¡CÃö©ó³o¤²Õ»ùÈÆ[ªº¸Ñ»¡¡A¨£Singapore,
1991¡C |
[5] |
¥Î§º©ú¾§ªº¸Ü¨Ó»¡¡A«K¬O¡§¤H¦P¦¹¤ß¡A¤ß¦P¦¹²z¡¨¡C |
[6] |
±qªñ¥N¦è¤è«ä·Q¤å¤Æ¥v¨¤«×¥h§å§P³Á¤ó¡¨±Ò»X¤uµ{¡¨¤§»¡¡A¥i°Ñ
Wokler, 1994: 108¡Ð126¡C |
[7] |
´«¨¥¤§¡A§Ṳ́£À³¥H°¾·§¥þ¡A¥H±Ò»X¹B°Ê¤¤ªº¥ªÁl¤O¶q¡A¡]¦p¥ðÂÓ¡B¨f¼wù¡^¨Ó¥Nªí¾ãÓ±Ò»X¹B°Ê¡]Yolton,
1995:1¡Ð2¡^¡C³oºØ¥H°¾·§¥þªº¶É¦VÁöµM¦b¤¤¥~¬Ò¦³¡A¦ý¦b¤¤°ê¤j³°¦ü¥G¯S§OÄY«¡C |
[8] |
¥Î³o¤T¤jijÃD¨Ó²z¸Ñ±Ò»X®É´Á¦è¤èÛ²z¾Ç¡A¤]±o¨ì·í¥N¬ü°ê¤jõùº¸´µªºÃÙ½à¡A¨£Rawls,
1996: xxviii¡Ðxxix¡C |
[9] |
¾Ú»¡³oºØª÷»È¤§¤À¬O¦è¤è¶Ç±Ð¤h©Ò¬°¡C |
[10] |
¥Î¥¿±¨Óªí¹Fªº¡§¤v©Ò±ý¡A¬I©ó¤H¡¨¤]¥i¾Él¥Xt±ªº¡§½Ñ´c²ö§@¡¨¡A¥Ît±¨Óªí¹Fªº¡§¤v©Ò¤£±ý¡A¤Å¬I©ó¤H¡¨¤]¥i¾Él¥X¥¿±ªº¡§½Ñµ½©^¦æ¡¨¡C¸Ô¨£Ã¹ªÃ²»¡A1992:572¡Ð585¡C |
[11] |
¦bµS¤Ó±Ðªº¸g¨å¡m¶ð¤ì¼w¡n¡]¦a¦ì¶È¦¸©ó¸t¸g¡^¤¤¡A°O¸ü¤F¤@ÓÁzª¥¤H¤fªº¬G¨Æ¡A»¡¤@Ó«DµS¤Ó¤H¥h¨D·í®É³Ì¦³¦Wªº©Ô¤ñ¡]©v±Ð±Ð®v¡^ÂÄÁÚ¡]Shammai¡^¡A½Ð¨D¥L¦b³oÓ¤H³æ¸}¿W¥ßªºµu¼È®É¶¡¤º¡A§â¥þ¡m¼¯¦è¤¸g¡n±Ð¾É¥L¡CÂÄÁګܥͮð¡A»{¬°¥L¬Ý»´¡m¼¯¦è¤¸g¡n¡A«K¥Î¤@¤ä´Ò§â¥L¥´¨«¡C³oÓ¤H©ó¬O«K¥h¨D¨£·í®É¥t¤@¦ì¦W®ð»PÂÄÁÚºX¹ª¬Û·íªº©Ô¤ñ§Æ©Ôº¸¡]Hillel¡^¡A§@¦P¼Ëªº½Ð¨D¡A§Æ©Ôº¸«K»¡¡G¡§¤v©Ò¼¨´c¡A¤Å¬I©ó¤H¡F¨ä¾lªº³£¬OµùÄÀ¡C¡¨¡]The
Talmud, Shabbat, 31a¡^ |
[12] |
¥xÆW¸ê²`¤HÃþ¾Ç®a§õ¥ç¶é¬O§Jù¤Õªº¾Ç¥Í¡A§õ¤ó³o¼ËÄÄÄÀ§J¤óªº¨£¸Ñ¡G¡§§Jù¤Õ±Ð±Â«ü¥X¡A¤HÃþ¾Ç®a¦b¥þ¥@¬É¦U¥Á±Ú¤¤©Ò§ä¥X¦ÓÂk¯Ç¦¨ªººØºØ¦P½dÃ¥ªº¤å¤Æ¼Ò¦¡©MºØºØ¯S®í©_©Çªº¦æ¬°¡A¹ê¦b¥u¬O¤H©Êªº´¶¦P©M¤å¤Æ¤À®íªº§Î¦¡ªí²{¦Ó¤w¡C¤å¤Æ¤WºØºØ¬Û¦P¼Ò¦¡¬O°_©ó´¶¦Pªº¤H©Ê¡A°_©ó¤HºØ³Ì°ò¥»ªº¥Íª«©Ê¡A¦Ó¨C¤@¤å¤Æªº¯S®í®æ¦¡¤S¥NªíºØºØ¾ú¥v°¸µMªº¨I·µ¡C§ó©úÅã¦a»¡¡A³\¦hì©l¥Á±Úªº©_²§·«U²ßºD¡A¨Ò¦p¹¤H¦×¡A¥Î¤H¬°Ä묹µ¥µ¥¡A¨C¨C³QÂk©ó¨ä¤¿¼É´Ý§Ôªº©Ê®æ¡A®í¤£ª¾³o¨Ç¶È¬O¾ú¥v¹Lµ{¤¤°¸µMªº«D²z©Êªº¤å¤Æ´í·º¦Ó¤w¡A¦Ó¦b³o¨Ç³Q»{¬°³¥ÆZ¤Uµ¥ªº¥Á±Ú¤¤¡A¤´µM¦³¤@®MÛ²z¹D¼w¡A³W½d¦P¤@ªÀ·|¤º¤H»P¤H¤§¶¡ªº¬Û¤¬¦æ¬°¡A³o¨Ç»P§Ṳ́å©úªÀ·|¬ÛÃþ¦üªºÛ±`¡A¤~¬O´¶¤Ñ¬Ò¦Pªº¤HÃþ¥»©Êªºªí²{¡C¡¨¡]§õ¥ç¶é¡A1992:201¡^ |
[13] |
°ÑùªÃ²»¡A1991:25¡Ð33¡C |
[14] |
°£¤F¥Î°ò·þ±Ð¯«¾Ç¡A¥Î¦ò±Ð«ä·Q¤]¥i¥H¸ÑÄÀ¦ó¥H¦b¨ãÅé¹D¼w§PÂ_¼h±¡A¨Ã«D¤H¬Ò¦³¤Ñ½á¯à¤O¥i±o¨ì¥¿½Tªº¹D¼wª¾ÃÑ¡C¦]¬°¤H¬Ò¬¡©óµL©ú¤§¤¤¡A¤£¾å±o¡§W¡B¶°¡B·À¡B¹D¡¨ªº¥|¸t¿Í¡A¡§½ÑªkµL§Ú¡B½Ñ¦æµL±`¡B¦³º|¬ÒW¡¨ªº¤Tªk¦L¡A©ó¬O»~§âµê¤Ûªºµø¬°¯u¹ê¡A§PÂ_¿ù»~¡C¦bµL©úªºÏEÂꤤ¡AYµL¦òªk¬°´ç¡A¤Hªº¹D¼wª¾ÃÑ©l²×¬O«Ø¥ß©óÃ褤ªá¡B¤ô¤¤¤ëªºµê¯B°ò¦¤W¡C |
[15] |
¦³Ãö³oÓ¾§¦ò§µ»P¤£§µ¤§ª§¡Aªì¨B¸ê®Æ¡A¥i°ÑChen,
1973:14¡Ð50¡C |
[16] |
¦p¡m¥°©ú¶°¡n¤¤ªº¡q¦È¤l²z´b½×¡r¦³¤@¬q¸Ü¡G¡§e¨£¨ä¤j¡A¤£©ë©ó¤p¡A¤j¤p°Z©ë±`¤]¡C¶·¤jѲ¸@¥@¤§µL±`¡A°]³f«D¤vÄ_¬G¡A®¡·N¥¬¬I¥H¦¨¤j¹D¡C¤÷¥À¨ü¨ä¯®¡A«è®a¤£±o¤J¡A¦Ü©ó¦¨¦ò¡A¤÷¥À¥S§Ì¬Ò±o«×¥@¡C¬O¤£¬°§µ¡A¬O¤£¬°¤¯¡A±E¬°¤¯§µ«v¡I¡¨¡]¡m¤j¥¿Âán52,
2102a¡^¦¹¥~¡m¦ò»¡§µ¤l¸g¡n¤]¦³³o¬q¾Ú»¡¬O¦òªû©ÒÁ¿ªº¸Ü¡G¡§¦ò§i½Ñ¨Fªù¡A¸@¥@µL§µ¡A°ß´µ¬°§µ¦Õ¡C¯à¥O¿Ë¥h´c¬°µ½¡A©^«ù¤§Ù¡A°õ¤T¦ÛÂk¡A´Â©^¦Ó¼Ç²×ªÌ¡A®¦«©ó¨Å÷¤§¾iµL¶q¤§´f¡CY¤£¯à¥H¤T´L¤§¦Ü¤Æ¨ä¿ËªÌ¡AÁö¬°§µ¾i¡AµS¬°¤£§µ¡¨¡]¡m¤j¥¿Âán16,
780c¡^¡C¨ì¤Fð´Â¹¬¤H©v±K©Ò§@ªº¡m¦ò»¡ª»Äõ¬Ö¸g²¨¡n¡A¤@¤è±§â§µ´£¤É¦Ü¦ò±Ð¹D¼wªº³Ì°ªì²z¡]¡§©l©ó²V¨P¡A¶ë¥G¤Ñ¦a¡A³q¤H¯«¡A³e¶Q½â¡A¾§ÄÀ¬Ò©v¤§¡A¨ä°ß§µ¹D¨o¡C¡K¡K§ÙÁö¸U¦æ¡A¥H§µ¬°©v¡¨¡^¡A¨Ã¥B·¥¤O§âªí±¹³¬O¤£§µªº¦æ¬°»¡¦¨¬O§µ¦æ¡G¡§±x¹F¤Ó¤l¡A¤£²Ð¤ý¦ì¡A±Ë¿Ë¥h°ê¡A¥»¬°×¦æ±o¹D³ø¤÷¥À®¦¡C¡K¡K¿×¤j¥ØÞ¥³s¦]¤ß¤§§µ¡A±ý«×¤÷¥À¡A³ø¨Å÷¤§¦]¬G¡A¥X®aצ桨¡]¡m¤j¥¿Âán39,
505ab¡^ |
[17] |
¡§¡K¡K¹ê¸t¤ý¤§¥¨§µ¡C¦ò¸g¨¥¡AÃÑÅé½ü°j¡A¤»½ìµL«D¤÷¥À¡F¥Í¦ºÅÜ©ö¡A¤T¬É±E¿ë«è¿Ë¡C¤S¨¥¡AµL©úÂмz²´¡A¨Ó©¹¥Í¦º¤¤¡A©¹¨Ó¦h©Ò§@¡A§ó¤¬¬°¤÷¤l¡A«è¿Ë¼Æ¬°ª¾ÃÑ¡Aª¾ÃѼƬ°«è¿Ë¡C¬O¥H¨Fªù±Ë«U½ì¯u¡A§¡±fÃþ©ó¤ÑÄÝ¡F¿òºa§Y¹D¡Aµ¥§t®ð©ó¤v¿Ë¡¨¡]¡m¿ë¥¿½×¡n¡A¡m¤j¥¿Âán52,
529b¡^¡CY¨¥±ý¨D©¾¦Ú§µ¤l¦õ¥@ªv¥Á¡A°ßŪ§µ¸g¤@¨÷¡A¦Ñ¤l¤G½g¡A¤£¶·¼sŪ¦ò¸gªÌ¡A´M¦¹¸g¦ý©ú¥@¶¡©¾§µ¡A¥¼¤Î¥X¥@©¾§µ¡C¦óªÌ¡H¤Ò³B«U°`¯Ñ©^¿Ë¥HºÜ¤O¡A¥X®a×¹D´Lªk¥H¿³·O¡FºÜ¤OªÌµª²{«e¤§¤p®¦¡A¿³·OªÌ³ø±N¨Ó¤§¤j¼w¡CÁö¼È¨Ä·q¾i¦üYºC¿Ë¡A²×¯àÀ٩ޤ謰¦Ü§µ¡¨¡]¡m¼s¥°©ú¶°¡n¡A¡m¤j¥¿Âán52,
175ab¡^¡C¡§¤Ò§µ½Ñ±Ð¬Ò´L¤§¡A¦Ó¦ò±Ð®í´L¤]¡AÁöµM¨ä»¡¤£¬ÆµÛ¦W©ó¤Ñ¤U¡C¡K¡K§µ¥X©óµ½¡A¦Ó¤H¬Ò¦³µ½¤ß¡A¤£¥H¦ò¹D¼s¤§¡A«h¬°µ½¤£¤j¦Ó¬°§µ¤p¤]¡C¦ò¤§¬°¹D¤]¡Aµø¤H¤§¿ËµS¤v¤§¿Ë¤]¡A½Ãª«¤§¥ÍµS¤v¤§¥Í¤]¡C¬G¨ä¬°µ½«h©øÂαxÃh¡A¬°§µ«h°¯«¬ÒÄU¡¨¡]¡môì¬z¤å¶°¡D»²±Ð½s¤U¡D§µ½×¡n¡A¡m¤j¥¿Âán52,
660a, 661c¡^¡C |
[18] |
¤p¼¦ò±Ðªº¼vÅT¥u©ó¦L«×¥b®qªþªñªº°ê®a¡A¦p´µ¨½Äõ¥d¡B½q¨l¡B®õ°êµ¥¡C¤j¼¦ò±Ð¹¬¤H«o¤£±¤ªø³~¶[¯A¡AÃk¤s¶VÀ¡A§â¦ò±ÐªF¶Ç¨ì¤¤°ê¤¤ì¡B¦èÂáB´ÂÂA¡B¤Î¤é¥»¡A¨Ï¦ò±Ð¬ð¯}¤F¦L«×¤å¤Æ°éªº¯U¯¶½d³ò¡A¦¨¬°¤@Ó¸ó¤å¤Æªº©v±Ð¡C |
[19] |
¶Ç¤J¤é¥»ªº·s¾§¾Ç¡A¬O¥Ñ¤¤¤é¨â°êªºÁI¹¬¤¬³X©Ò«P¦¨ªº°Æ²£«~¡F¶Ç¤J´ÂÂAªº·s¾§¾Ç¤]¬O¥ÑÁú°ê¾ÇªÌ¤JµØ©Ò±a¦^¥hªº·s«ä¼é¡C¤¤°êªº¾§ªÌ¡Aµ´¤Ö¦³¿Ë¦Û»·u´Â¤é¤G°ê¶Ç¹D±Â·~¡C¦]¦¹¡A·s¾§¾Ç¼vÅTªº½d³ò¥u©ó¤Ö¼Æ´XÓ¤w¸g¨ü¤¤°ê¤å¤Æ¼vÅTªº°ê®a¡F¨º¨ÇÁÙ¨S¦³¨ü¤¤°ê¤å¤Æ¼vÅTªº¦a°Ï¦p«Xù´µ¡B¤¤¨È½Ñ°ê¡B¤Î¦L«×¦¸¤j³°½Ñ°ê¡A«h¨ÌµM¥¼¨ü¤¤°êªº¤å¤ÆÂȳ³¡C¾§¾Ç¡A¤´¥u©ó¬OªF¨È¦¸¤å¤Æªº¤@³¡¤À¦Ó¤v¡A¨S¦³¸ó¤å¤Æªº¼vÅT¤O¡C |
[20] |
¦P¼Ë¦a¡A°ò·þ±Ðªº·R¤]¬O±j½Õ±Ë¤v¡A³o¬O¦]¬°C¿q¦b¤Q¦r¬[¤Wªº±Ë¤v¡A¦¨¬°°ò·þ®{·R¤ßªº¨å½d¡CµS¤Ó±Ð¨Ã¤£»{¬°C¿qªº¦æ¬°¦³¨å½dªº®Ä¤O¡A©Ò¥HµS¤Ó±ÐÛ²zÁöµM±j½Õ·R¤H¦p¤v¡A¦ý°í¨M¤Ï¹ï·Rn±Ë¤v¡]°Ñ
Jacobs, 1957; Petuchowske, 1975¡^ |
[21] |
¡§¦b¦U®É¥N¡A³£¦³¨Ç¤H¨ü¤Ñ©ÊªºÅX¨Ï¡A²¦¥ÍP¤O©ó¹D¼wªºn¨D¡CÁöµM¥L̦b¦æ¬°¤W¤´¦³«Ü¦h¿ù»~¡A¦ý¦b°l¨D¹D¼w¤@¨Æ¤W¡A¥i¥HÃÒ©ú¥L̪º¥»©ÊÁÙ¦³Y¤z¯Â¼äªº¦¨¤À¡C¡K¡K¦³¨Ç¨Ò¤l¦ü¥G¦b±Ð°V§Ṳ́£n§â¤H©Ê§¹¥þ¬Ý°µ±ÑÃa¤£³ô¡C¦]¬°´N¥»¯àªº¶É¦V¦Ó½×¡A¦³¨Ç¤H¤£¦ý¦æ¬°°ª©|¡A¦Ó¥B²×¥Í³£¤@³e¦a¨ü¹D¼wªº¤ä°t¡C¦ý§ÚÌÀ³¸Ó¨c°O¡A¦b»G¤Æªº¤H©Ê¤¤¤´¦³¤W«Ò®¦¨åªº¾l¦a¡A³o¤£¬O¼ä²b¤H©Êªº®¦¨å¡A³£¬O¦b¤º¬ù§ô¥¦ªº¬¡°Êªº®¦¨å¡C¡¨¡]¥[º¸¤å¡A1955:195¡Ð196¡^¡C |
[22] |
¡§¦ý¬O¦]¬°¼W¶i¦Üµ½¡]¥¦¦b¨ä·§©À¤¤´N¥]§t³oºØÃöÁp¡^³o¥ó¨Æ±¡¬O§ÚÌ·N§Óªº¤@Ó¥ý¤Ñªº¥²µM¹ï¶H¡A¨Ã¥B¸ò¹D¼wªk«h¤£¥i¤ÀÂ÷¦aÁp¦b¤@°_¡A©ó¬O«eªÌ¡]¦Üµ½¡^ªº¤£¥i¯à©Ê´N¥²©wÃÒ©ú«áªÌ¡]¹D¼wªk«h¡^ªºµê¦k©Ê¡C¦]¦¹¡An¬O¦Üµ½¤£¯à³q¹L¹ê½î³W«h¦¨¬°¥i¯à¡A¨º»ò¡A¿Ù¥O§Ú̼W¶i¦Üµ½ªº¹D¼wªk«h¡A´N¬OºË·ÇµÛ¤@¨ÇªÅ¬}¤Û·Qªº¥Ø¼Ð¡A¦]¦Ó¥¦¥»¨¥²©w¬Oµê¦k¤£¹êªº¡¨¡]±d¼w¡A1997:262¡^¡C |
[23] |
¦]³oºØ¤è¦¡¨Ó½×ÃÒ¹D¼w»P©v±Ð¨Ã¤£¤ÀÂ÷¡A¦b±d¼w¤§«eªº¥t¤@¡§±Ò»X¤uµ{¡¨P¤OªÌ
Richard Price ¬O¥ýÅX¡]°Ñ Schneewind, 1990:587¡^ |
[24] |
«ö¾ÇªÌ¬ã¨s¡A±Ò»X®É´Áªº«ä·Q®a¨ä¹ê¦b¼wºÖ¬O§_¤@P³o°ÝÃD¤W¦³¨â¬£¥D±i¡A¾ÀÂS¤À©ú¡]Yolton,
1995:45¡^¡A©Ò¥H±d¼w¤§»¡¦b·í®É¤]¦³«Ü¤jª§Ä³©Ê¡C |
[25] |
¤Ú¯S¹ï©ó¹D¼wõ¾Ç¤¤n´M§ä©ñ¤§¥|®ü¦Ó¬Ò·Çªº¹D¼wì²z³o¤u§@«D±`§Ü©Ú¡A³o¥ß³õ³Ì²M·¡¬yÅS©ó¡m±Ð·|±Ð¸q¾Ç¡n²Ä¤G¨÷²Ä¤G³¡¤Àªº²Ä36¤j¬q¡C¥H¤U¤Þ¤å¥i¨£¨ä¤@Åì¥b¤ö¡G¡§This
means that theological ethics has to accept the
fact that it must not believe in the possibility
and reality of a general moral enquiry and reply
which are originally and ultimately independent
of the grace and command of God, which are not touched
or affected by them and to that extent stand inflexible
and inviolate in themselves. It has to accept the
fact that it must believe in the work and revelation
of the grace of God alone and therefore in the actual
overlordship of God¡¦s command over the whole realm
of ethical problems¡¨ (Barth, II/2, 522); ¡§¡K.¡¦what
is good¡¦ has been ¡¥said¡¦ to man (Mic. 6:8), so that
man has been forbidden to try to say it to himself,
and bidden simply and faithfully to repeat what
has been said to him. This is what theological thinking
calls ethical reflection and discussion.¡¨ (Barth,
II/2, 537) ¥i¬O¦b¡m±Ð·|±Ð¸q¾Ç¡n²Ä¥|¨÷²Ä¤@³¡¤À¤¤¡A¥Lªº»y®ð«h¦³³n¤ÆÂݹ³¡G¡§[The church]
accepts and proclaims this one Jesus Christ as the
one Word, the first and final Word, of the true
God¡K.. It does not need to accept as normative any
other voice than this voice, for the authority of
any other voice depends upon the extent to which
it is or is not an echo of this voice. As it seeks
to know this voice, it is certainly allowed and
commanded to hear other voices freely and without
anxiety: as an echo of this voice they may share
its authority. But it will always come back to the
point of wanting to hear first and chiefly this
true and original voice, and wanting to give itself
to the service of this voice.¡¨ (Barth, IV/1, 346) |
[26] |
¦b±d¼w¤§«e«K¤w¥D±i¥H¤W«Ò«O»Ù¼wºÖ¤@Pªº^°êõ¾Ç®a¤Îªª®v
Richard Price¡A±ß¦~¦¨¬°^°ê¤@¦ì½×·|¡]Unitarian Society¡^ªº³Ð·|·|û¡I |
[27] |
¯«¾Ç¦Û¥Ñ¥D¸q»P¡§±Ò»X¤uµ{¡¨¥ªÁl¦³«Ü¦h¤£¿Ñ¦Ó¦Xªº¥D±i¡C¨Ò¦p¡G¡]1¡^¦Û¥Ñ¥D¸q±j½Õ¤W«Ò¦b¥@¬Éªº¤º¦b©Ê¡A¦b¦ÛµM¤Î¦b¤H©Ê¤¤¬Ò¥i§ä¨ì¤W«Ò¡A¨º»ò¦b¦ÛµM¤Î¦b¤H©Ê¤¤·íµM¤]¥i¥H§ä¥¿½Tªº¹D¼w¡C¡]2¡^¦Û¥Ñ¥D¸q±j½Õ¯«¤H¤§¶¡«D¦ý¨S¦³ÂE·¾¡A¦Ó¥B¦³ºò±K³sÄò©Ê¡A©ó¬O³z¹L¤º¬Ù«K¥i±o¨ì¤W«Òªºª¾ÃѤΥ¿½Tªº¹D¼wª¾ÃÑ¡C¡]3¡^¦pªG©v±Ð¸gÅç¬O¦³Ãö¤W«Òª¾ÃѪº¥i¾a¨Ó·½¡A¹D¼w¸gÅç¤]¥i¬O¹D¼wª¾ÃѪº¥i¾a¨Ó·½¡C¡]4¡^¤H©Ê¤¤¦³¯«©Ê¡A¦P¼Ë¦a¤H©Ê¤¤·íµM¦³¤W«Òªº¹D¼w©Ê±¡¡C¡]5¡^¤H¬Ò¥i¥H¹F¨ì°ò·þªº§¹¬ü«~®æ¡A¦]¦¹®Äªk°ò·þ¤£¤@©wn©¹¸t¸g¤¤§ä°ò·þ¡A¦Ó¥i¥H¦VªÀ·|¤¤ªº¹D¼w·¢¼Ò®Äªk¡C¡]6¡^¤W«Ò¹B¦æ©ó¾ú¥v¤¤¡A¦b¤H¶¡«Ø¥ß¤W«Òªº°êÀ³¸Ó»P«~¼w°ª©|ªº«D°ò·þ®{¦X§@¡A¨º»ò¹D¼w¾Þ¦u°ªªº«D°ò·þ®{¤]¬O¤W«Ò¦V±Ð·|ªº¹D¼w±Ò¥Ü¡C¡]7¡^¤W«Ò¬O©Ò¦³¥@¤Hªº¤Ñ¤÷¡A¥|®ü¤§¤º¬Ò¥S§Ì¤]¡A±Ð·|¤º¥~ªº»ùÈÆ[¬O¤@P¡G·R¡B¥¿¸q¡B©M¥¡B¥Á¥D¡BªÀ·|¥D¸q¡I |
[28] |
¥H¤U³o¬q¤Ú¯Sªº¦Ûz¬O»D¦Wªº
¡§One day in early August 1914 stands out in my personal
memory as a black day. Ninety-three German intellectuals
impressed public opinion by their proclamation in
support of the war policy of Wilhelm II and his
counselors. Among these intellectuals I discovered
to my horror almost all of my theological teachers
whom I had greatly venerated. In despair over what
this indicated about the signs of the time I suddenly
realized that I could not any longer follow either
their ethics and dogmatics or their understanding
of the Bible and of history. For me at least, 19th-century
theology no longer held any future.¡¨ (Barth, 1963:
14). ¥i¬O¦b¥t¨â¬q¦Ûz¤¤¡A¤Ú¯S²M·¡«ü¥X¦Û¥Ñ¥D¸q¯«¾Çªº¥¢±Ñ¬O¦Û¨äÛ²z¾Ç¶}©l¡G¡§Was it ¡V
this has played a decisive role for me personally
¡V precisely the failure of the ethics of the modern
theology of the time, with the outbreak of the First
World War, which caused us to grow puzzled also
about its exegesis, its treatment of history, and
its dogmatics?¡¨ (Barth, 1963: 40) ¡§Their ¡¥ethical
failure¡¦ indicated that ¡¥their exegetical and dogmatic
presuppositions could not be in order¡¦. Thus ¡¥a
whole world of exegesis, ethics, dogmatics and preaching,
which I had hitherto held to be essentially trustworthy,
was shaken to the foundations, and with it, all
the other writings of the German theologians¡¦¡¨ (Busch,
1976: 81). |
[29] |
¡§The eighteenth century, obviously,
did not cease to bow down and worship; it only gave
another form and a new name to the object of worship:
it deified Nature and denatured God. Since Nature
was now the new God, source of all wisdom and righteousness,
it was to Nature that the eighteenth century looked
for guidance, from Nature that it expected to receive
the tablets of the law; and it was just as necessary
now as ever for the mind of the rational creature
to share in the mind of this new God,¡K. In the eighteenth
century, therefore, these truths were widely accepted
as self evident: that a valid morality would be
a ¡¥natural morality,¡¦ a valid religion would be
a ¡¥natural religion,¡¦ a valid law of politics would
be a ¡¥natural law.¡¦ This was only another way of
saying that morality, religion, and politics ought
to conform to God¡¦s will as revealed in the essential
nature of man¡¨ (Becker, 1958: 51¡Ð52, 57). |
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